a space from which most or all of the air, gas or other material has been removed or is not present;
, , .
scale (n)
-
the size or level of something, especially when this is large;
- ,
conductor (n)
a substance that allows heat or electricity to go through it;
,
insulator (n)
-
a material or covering which electricity, heat or sound cannot go through;
- , ,
semiconductor (n)
a material, such as silicon, which allows electricity to move through it more easily when its temperature increases, or an electronic device made from this material; , , , , ,
current (n) -
a movement of water, air or electricity, in a particular direction;
, ;
resistor (n) -
a part of an electrical circuit designed to produce a particular amount of resistance to the flow of current;
- ,
transistor (n) -
a small electrical device containing a semiconductor, used in televisions, radios, etc. to control or increase an electric current; , , , ..,
intrinsic (adj) -
being an extremely important and basic characteristic of a person or thing;
;
capacitor (n) -
a device which collects and stores electricity, and is an important part of electronic equipment such as televisions and radios;
, , ,
inductor (n) -
a component in an electric or electronic circuit which possesses inductance the property of an electric conductor or circuit that causes an electromotive force to be generated by a change in the current flowing; , . , , .
diode (n) -
a device which controls an electric current so that it can only flow in one direction; ,
circuit (n) -
a set of interconnected components;
solder (n, v) - -
n - a soft metal that is melted in order to join together pieces of metal so that they stick together when it cools and becomes hard again;
v - to join pieces of metal together using solder;
, , . . . ,
substrate (n) -
a material that provides the surface on which something is deposited or inscribed; - , , - .
chip (n) -
a very small piece of semiconductor, especially in a computer, that contains extremely small electronic circuits and devices, and can perform particular operations; , ,
inextricable (adj) -
unable to be separated, released or escaped from;
,
appliance (n) -
a device, machine or piece of equipment, especially an electrical one that is used in the house, such as a cooker or washing machine; , , ,
die (n)
a shaped piece or mould (= hollow container) made of metal or other hard material, used to shape or put a pattern on metal or plastic; ,
nanotechnology(n)
semiconductor (n) -
technology that deals with dimensions and tolerances of less than 100 nanometers, esp. the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules; , 100 , ,
an intermediate between a metal and an insulator (germanium, silicon) that has an electrical conductivity that increases with temperature; (, ), ,
detect(v) -
to find something or discover that it is present somewhere by using equipment or making an investigation; - , -
performance (n) -
the capabilities of a machine or product; manner or quality of functioning; - ;
scale (n) -
a ratio of size in a map, model, drawing, or plan; an established measure or standard; , , ;
emit (v) -
to give off (send out) or produce heat, light, gas, etc. by means of a physical or chemical process; , , . .
circuitry (n) -
the design of an electrical circuit; the system of circuits used in an electronic device; ; ,
lithography (n) -
a method of printing in which a piece of stone or metal is specially treated so that ink sticks to some parts of it and not to others; , , ,
pattern (n) -
a representative sample, a model, a plan or diagram used as a guide in making something; , , , -
nanotube (n) -
a cylindrical molecule of a fullerene (a carbon molecule with a polyhedral structure, such as C70, C76, and C84); ( , C70, C76, C84)
solar cell (n)
a photovoltaic cell that produces electricity from the sun's rays, used esp. in spacecraft; , , .
amplification (n) -
the increase in strength of an electrical signal (by means of an amplifier); ( );
the degree to which something is filled, crowded, or occupied; , -, ,
the period of time during which a machine may be expected to function under normal conditions; ,
able to be easily carried or moved, especially because being of a lighter and smaller version than usual a portable television; , ,
(LED), a semiconductor diode that glows when a voltage is applied. (LED) , ,
photon (n) -
a particle representing a quantum of light or other electromagnetic radiation, carrying energy proportional to the radiation frequency but having zero rest mass;
, , , ,
particle (n) -
a minute portion of matter;
wave (n) -
the pattern in which some types of energy, such as sound, light and heat, are spread or carried; , , , , ;
field (n) -
the region in which a particular condition prevails, especially one in which a force or influence is effective regardless of the presence or absence of a material medium; , , , ,
quantize (v) -
1) (physics) form into quanta, in particular restrict the number of possible values of (a quantity) or states of (a system) so that certain variables can assume only certain discrete magnitudes.) , () (),
2) (electronics) approximate (a continuously varying signal) by one whose amplitude is restricted to a prescribed set of values; ( )
bound (adj) -
tied with rope, cord, string, etc.;
?????????????
spectrum (n) -
the set of colours into which a beam of light can be separated, or a range of waves, such as light waves or radio waves; , , , ,
ultraviolet (adj) -
(of light) having a wavelength which is after the violet (= light purple) end of the range of colours that can be seen by humans;
, , ,
infrared (adj) -
having a wavelength just greater than that of the red end of the visible light spectrum but less than that of microwaves; , , ,
radiation (n) -
energy from heat or light that you cannot see; ,
detect (v) -
to notice something that is partly hidden or not clear, or to discover something, especially using a special method; , -
convert (v) -
to (cause something or someone to) change in form, character, or opinion;
( - -) ,
absorb (v) -
to take something in, especially gradually;
internal (adj) -
existing or happening inside a person, object, organization, place or country;
, , ,
lens (n) -
a piece of glass or other transparent material with curved sides for concentrating or dispersing light rays, used singly (as in a magnifying glass) or with other lenses (as in a telescope); , ( ) ( )
arbitrary (adj) -
1) based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system;) , -
2) (math) (of a constant or other quantity) of unspecified value; ( )
fiber (n) -
1) any of the thread-like parts which form plant or artificial material and which can be made into cloth;) , ,
2) threads when they are in a mass that can be used for making products such as cloth and rope;) , , ,
transducer (n) -
any electronic device that changes one form of energy into another, such as a microphone, which changes sound waves into electrical signals; - , , ,
emit (v) -
to send out a beam, noise, smell or gas.) , ,
acronym (n) -
a word made up from the first letters of the name of something such as an organization. For example NATO is an acronym for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization; -, .
predecessor (n) -
a machine, system etc that existed before another one in a process of development;
, ..,
oscillation (n)
a regular movement of something from side to side or a regular change in direction of an electrical current; -
redundancy (n) -
when something is not used because something similar or the same already exists;
- - ,
amplifier (n) -
a piece of electrical equipment that makes sound louder or that makes something larger; ,
coherence (n) -
when parts of something are connected in a clear and reasonable way;
unattainable (adj) -
impossible to achieve;
tiny (adj) -
extremely small;
-
launch (v) -
to suddenly start something or to send a weapon or spacecraft into the sky or into space; -
beam(n)
a line of light shining from the sun, a lamp etc or a line of light, energy etc that you cannot see; , , .. , ..,
divergence (n) -
when two things become different;
-
instantaneous (adj) -
happening immediately;
simultaneous (adj) -
happening at exactly the same time;
cavity (n) -
a hole or space inside something;
bounce (v) -
if light or sound bounces, it hits a surface and then moves quickly away from it; , ,
transparent (adj) -
if something is transparent, you can see through it;
- - ,
pump (v) -
to make liquid or gas move in a particular direction, using a pump or to move very quickly in and out or up and down; ,
purity (n) -
the quality or state of being clear and perfect, the state of not being mixed with anything else; , ????
property (n) -
a quality or power that a substance, plant etc has; , , ..
enhance (v) -
intensify, increase, or further improve the quality, value, or extent of;
, , ,
prosthesis (n) -
pleases an artificial body part, such as a limb, a heart, or a breast implant;
, , , ,
pacemaker (n) -
an artificial device for stimulating the heart muscle and regulating its contractions;
infusion (n) -
introduction of a liquid, such as a saline solution, into a vein or the
subcutaneous tissues of the body;
, , ;
kidney machine (n) -
an apparatus that performs the functions of the human kidney (outside the body), when one or both organs are damaged (an artificial kidney or dialysis machine); , ( ), ( )
joint (n) -
1) a structure in the human or animal body at which two parts of the skeleton are fitted together (each of the distinct sections of a body or limb between the places at which they are connected); , ( , )
2) a point at which parts of an artificial structure are joined,
breakdown (n) -
a division of something into smaller parts; a list of separate parts of something; , -
issue (n) ,
an important topic or problem for debate or discussion;
sonography (n) -
the analysis of sound using an instrument which produces a graphical representation of its component frequencies; ,
dependence on or trust in someone or something; - - -
occurring at irregular intervals, not continuous or steady; ,
next to or adjoining something else;
the state of being thick, sticky, and semifluid in consistency, due to internal friction; a quantity expressing the magnitude of internal friction in a fluid, as measured by the force per unit area resisting uniform flow; , , - ; , ????
material in the form of a thin flexible sheet, a thin layer covering a surface;
,
make (a liquid) thinner or weaker by adding water or another solvent to it; make (something) weaker in force, content, or value by modifying it or adding other elements to it; () ; (-) , , ,
a thin tube inserted into a vein or body cavity to administer medicine, drain off fluid, or insert a surgical instrument. - , , ,
sophisticated (adj) ,
1) having a lot of experience of life, and good judgment about socially important things such as art, fashion; , , ,
2) a sophisticated machine, system, method etc. is very well designed and very advanced, and often works in a complicated way; , , .. ,
used when you mean all of a group, period of time, amount etc. = whole;
- , , , ..
responsible (adj) -
having a duty to be in charge of or to look after someone or something;
- - -
troubleshooting (n) -
dealing and coping with serious problems;
intertwined (adj) -
twisted together, closely related to each other;
- ,
diverse (adj) -
very different from each other; having variety, assorted;
;
contrivance (n) -
a piece of equipment that has been made for a special purpose;
,
valve (n) -
1) a part of a tube or pipe that opens and shuts like a door to control the flow of liquid, gas, air etc passing through it; , , , , ..,
2) a closed glass tube used to control the flow of electricity in old radios, televisions etc.; , , .
remotely (adv) -
from far away;
viscosity (n) -
thickness, stickiness;
,
capacitance (n) -
property of an insulator that allows energy to be stored due to the separation of the charge; ,
adjusting (n) -
1) adapting to a new environment;
2) altering slightly to be accurate or suitable; ,
mount (v) -
climb up, ascend; raise; ride; get up on; establish; frame; , ; ; ; ; ; ;
maintenance (n) -
the process of keeping a car, building, etc. in good condition;
, ..
implement (v) -
to take action or make changes that you have officially decided should happen, execute, carry out, perform;
, , , ,
consequence (n) -
something that happens as a result of a particular action or set of conditions;
- ,
approximately (adv) -
nearly, almost, but not exactly;
- , ,
surveillance (n) -
careful observation of a person or group, supervision.
,
sonic (adj) -
relating to or using sound waves, denoting or having a speed equal to that of sound; , ,
impact (n) -
the action of one object coming forcibly into contact with another, the effect or influence of one person, thing, or action, on another; , ,
absorb (v) -
take in or soak up (energy, or a liquid or other substance) by chemical or physical action, typically gradually; (, ) , ,
dissipate (v) -
disperse or scatter, cause (a feeling or other intangible thing) to disappear or disperse, cause (energy) to be lost, typically by converting it to heat; - , ,, ,
evaluate (v) -
form an idea of the amount, number, or value of, assess;
- , ,
accurate (adj) -
a division of something into smaller parts; a list of separate parts of something;
- , -
bend (v) -
shape or force (something straight) into a curve or angle;
sonography (n) -
the analysis of sound using an instrument that produces a graphical representation of its component frequencies; ,
allocate, designate or set (something) aside for a specific purpose, attribute something as belonging to; - , ,
consisting of many different and connected parts, not easy to analyze or understand; complicated or intricate; - ;
able to be understood; comprehensible; -
the area of variation between upper and lower limits on a particular scale; -
observe and check the progress or quality of (something) over a period of time, keep under systematic review; ( ) ,
a substance or object that is hard rather than liquid or fluid, an object that has a height, width and length, and is not flat; - , , , , ,
the outside part or uppermost layer of something (often used when describing its texture, form, or extent); - ( , )
produce or discharge (something, especially gas or radiation) and send it out by means of a physical or chemical process. -, ,
signal (n)
a variable parameter, such as a current or electromagnetic wave, by which information is conveyed through an electronic circuit, communications system, etc; the information so conveyed;
, , , ..
process (v)
to treat or prepare by a special method;
sequence (n)
a particular order in which related events, movements, or things follow each other; , , , ,
array (n)
an ordered arrangement;
discrete (adj)
individually separate and distinct;
,
convert (v)
cause to change in form, character, or function;
, ,
correlation (n)
a mutual relationship or connection between two or more things;
quantization (n)
the procedure of constraining something from a relatively large or continuous set of values to a relatively small discrete set;
approximate (v)
to come or bring near or close; be almost the same (as); to find an expression for (some quantity) accurate to a specified degree; ;
sample (n)
a small part of anything, intended as representative of the whole;
,
theorem (n)
general proposition not self-evident but proved by a chain of reasoning; a truth established by means of accepted truths; ;
bandwidth (n)
a range of frequencies within a given band, in particular; the range of frequencies used for transmitting a signal; , , ,
complex (adj)
consisting of many different and connected parts; not easy to analyze or understand; intricate; -
domain (n)
a particular field of thought, activity, or interest, especially one over which someone has control, influence, or rights; - , , , - , ,
partition (v)
the action or state of dividing or being divided into parts;
frequency (n)
the number of times that a periodic function or vibration repeats itself in a specified time, often 1 second; - , , 1-
value (n)
the numerical amount denoted by an algebraic term; a magnitude, quantity, or number. - , ,
