British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN 13: 978-0-75-066753-1
ISBN 10: 0-75-066753-2
NOTICE
No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to
persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise,
or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas
contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical
sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages
should be made
Typeset by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd, Pondicherry, India
www.integra-india.com
Printed and bound in Great Britain
To my wife Jean for her help and support whilst writing,
and to my children Rachel, Rebecca and Samuel for
accompanying me to shows and rallies to collect information.
This Page is Intentionally Left Blank
Contents
Foreword by Malcolm Tagg, Director General, VBRA xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xix
Glossary xxiii
Abbreviations and symbols xxix
The history, development and construction of the car body 1
1.1 Development of the motor car body 1
1.2 Creation of a new design from concept to realization 14
1.3 Methods of construction 32
1.4 Basic body construction 37
1.5 Identification of major body pressings 43
1.6 Vehicle type approval 52
Questions 57
Health and safety 59
2.1 Personal safety and health practices 59
2.2 Fire precautions 65
2.3 Safety signs in the workshop 70
2.4 General safety precautions in the workshop 72
2.5 Electrical hazards 75
2.6 COSHH 75
2.7 RIDDOR 75
2.8 Maintain the health, safety and security of the work environment 76
Questions 84
Hand and power tools 85
3.1 Hand tools used in body repair work 85
3.2 Hammers 85
3.3 Hand Dollies 88
3.4 Body spoons 89
3.5 Body files 90
3.6 Hand snips 91
3.7 Specialist panel beating tools 92
3.8 Recommended basic toolkits for panel beaters 97
3.9 Hand tools used in the fabrication of sheet metal 98
3.10 Hammers and mallets 98
3.11 Sandbags and hardwood blocks 100
viii Contents
3.12 Sheet metal bench stakes 100
3.13 Hand grooving tools 102
3.14 Rivet sets 102
3.15 Cutting tools 102
3.16 Bending and swaging tools 104
3.17 General-purpose assembly and dismantling tools 105
3.18 Power tools used in body repair work 109
3.19 Air power chisel 110
3.20 Metal cutting shears and nibblers 110
3.21 Power saw 113
3.22 Power drills 113
3.23 Sanding machines 114
3.24 Other power tools 117
3.25 Dust extraction for power tools 119
Questions 121
Metals and non-metals used in vehicle bodies 122
4.1 Manufacture of steel coil and sheet for the automobile industry 122
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4.2 Specifications of steels used in the automobile industry 123
4.3 Carbon steel 124
4.4 Alloy steels 130
4.5 Stainless steel 132
4.6 Aluminium 133
4.7 Aluminium alloys 134
4.8 Rubber 141
4.9 Sealers 142
4.10 Sound deadening, thermal insulating and undersealing materials 144
4.11 Interior furnishings 146
4.12 Plastics 148
4.13 Plastics repair 153
4.14 Safety glass 156
Questions 158
Metal forming processes and machines 160
5.1 Properties of metals 160
5.2 Heat treatment of metals and metal alloys 163
5.3 How metal is formed to provide strength 167
5.4 Machines for sheet metal fabrication 169
5.5 Shearing theory 169
5.6 Cutting machines 169
5.7 Bending theory 171
5.8 Bending machines 172
5.9 Rolling machines 173
5.10 Wheeling machines 175
5.11 Swaging machines 176
5.12 Brake presses 178
5.13 Forming and drawing 180
5.14 Sheet metal cutting for press work 182
Questions 182
Contents ix
Measuring and marking-out instruments 184
6.1 Marking out 184
6.2 Basic marking-out and measuring instruments 185
6.3 Precision marking-out and measuring instruments 192
Questions 196
Methods of joining 197
7.1 Development of joining methods 197
7.2 Solid rivets 197
7.3 Bifurcated, tubular and semitubular rivets 199
7.4 Blind rivets 200
7.5 Structural fasteners 208
7.6 Screws and bolts 211
7.7 Fastening devices 218
7.8 Adhesives 223
Questions 233
Soft and hard soldering methods 235
8.1 Comparison of fusion and non-fusion jointing processes 235
8.2 Soft and hard solders 236
8.3 Soft soldering 236
8.4 Hard soldering 240
Questions 247
Gas welding, gas cutting and plasma arc cutting 248
9.1 Development of gas welding 248
9.2 Systems of gas welding 249
9.3 Oxy-acetylene welding equipment 250
9.4 Definitions of welding terms 256
9.5 Welding rods and fluxes 257
9.6 Flame control and types of flame 257
9.7 Methods of welding 259
9.8 Edge preparation and types of joint 260
9.9 Welding technique: butt joint in mild steel 263
9.10 Welding various metals 263
9.11 Gas cutting 264
9.12 Gases: characteristics and colour coding 266
9.13 Safety measures 268
9.14 Plasma arc cutting 271
Questions 275
