| I. | It is easy to detect the direction of the prevailing winds. To forecast the weather with great accuracy is no simple matter. | . . |
| II. ( ) In order So as | Rivers can be used to generate electricity. | , . |
| III. too () enough () | The gravel is too coarse to be moved by wind. | . |
| IV. Last | The magnetometer is an instrument to measure the Earths magnetic field. The seismograph is an instrument to record seismic waves. The methods to prevent avalanches are expensive. Stevenson was the first to measure the force of an ocean wave. | . , . , . . |
| V. . | Earth crust movements may affect even small local areas. | . |
| IV. . | Their object was to reach chalk rich layers. | . |
Task 2. Translate the following into Russian. State the form and function of the Infinitive.
1. The Atacama is a desert because no moist air blows on to it from the adjoining ocean to fall as rain.
2. Lead and zinc used to be mined in Greenland, but it is now too expensive to dig out what is left.
3. To understand earthquakes one must know about faults.
4. Plate tectonic theory developed primarily to explain certain structural phenomena.
5. The main purpose of this book is to help you recognize certain geologic structures; understand the forces that caused them.
6. Students first look at energy resources to see which ones might help replace our disappearing supplies of oil.
7. A spring is the place where ground water flows out of the Earth to form a small stream or pool.
8. Ore is a natural material that is sufficiently enriched in one or more minerals to be mined profitably.
9. After some time the eroded rock disintegrates to from particles small enough to be carried or moved by the wind.
10. Debate between proponents of the two alternate hypotheses became heated and further evidence to support each was sought.
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11. It takes 20 minutes to travel from Britain to France by the Eurostar train through the Channel Tunnel.
12. The mans long-term dream was to desalt and use water from the sea. To do this is technologically possible but is too expensive for common use.
13. Slightly more than 97% of water on Earth is present in the ocean. The next largest reservoir is to be found in the glaciers and ice-caps.
14. How can the scientist prevent the earthquake hazard? One solution is a structure such as nuclear power plant or highway. The other is to eliminate the hazard, which is more costly.
15. Layered rocks are generally easier to interpret than non-layered rocks.
16. Gravel, pebbles, small boulders are carried by icebergs and drift ice to be released to the water when the ice melts.
17. The major mountain belts of the world with higher mountain ranges tend to be geologically younger than those where mountains are lower. However, this is not always true.
18. The polar wastes of Antarctica and the Arctic islands were some of the last areas on Earth to remain untouched by humans.
19. Where rivers reach a fault or an area of soft rock, they often tumble over it to form a waterfall.
20. In Iceland, where geysers shoot steam into the sky, water from hot springs is piped to heat all the buildings of the capital, Reykjavik.
Task 3. Discuss with a partner the best way to translate the words and word combinations in brackets.
1. Devices ( ) barometric pressure may be mercury barometers or aneroid ones.
2. Scientists make use of data or fact ( , ) of an event.
3. Many igneous rocks are fine-grained and ( ) by means of a special microscope.
4. ( ) the time that has elapsed since the continental glaciers entirely disappeared from Europe.
5. This group of students ( ) pressure and wind irregularity of the area.
6. Several methods have been used ( ) the length of the postglacial time both in Europe and North America.
7. ( , ) run the oil fields, and ( , ) all kinds of services in the fast- developing and wealthy cities like Dubai, people have migrated from other parts of Asia and Europe.
8. ( ) a layer of coal one foot in thickness, about twenty feet of original plant material has to be compacted.
9. Winter rain is stored in reservoirs and is used in spring and summer ( , ) the fruit for which Southern Europe is famous.
10. A hole in the ozone layer above Antarctica was first noticed in 1985, and ( ) in size.
Task 4. Translate the following sentences into English using the Infinitive whenever possible.
1. , , , .
2. , , - .
3. .
4. .
5. , , .
6. (Evangelista Torricelly) .
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7. .
8. , .
9. .
10. VIII . a . (Talley).
Task 5. Study the following.
Complex Object
| We believe the students (them) | to secure specimens in mines. to be securing specimens now. to have secured many specimens already. to be sent to the expedition. to have been sent to the expedition. |
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| 1. ( to): to hear to see to feel to watch, to observe to notice - | I saw him perform the experiment. | , . |
2. :
to expect , ,
to consider ,
 to assume
to believe
to hold
to find ,
to note
to state ,
to claim
to know
to think
to understand
to report
to show
to declare
to mean
| The students expected the teacher to explain to them different hypotheses of the earths early history. | , . |
| 3. : to want , , to wish to desire to like should (would) like to intend | The dean of the faculty wants the students to attend the scientific conferences once a year. | , . |
4. :
 to get
to make
( to)
to let ( to) ,
to ask (for)
to enable -
to cause ,
to request
to force
to command ,
to order
to allow ,
to encourage , ,
| Studies of present glaciers enable us to understandthe Pleistocene glaciation. | . |
Task 6. Translate the following into Russian. State the Objective Infinitive Construction.
1. The Rocky Mountains look jagged because water freezes in cracks and forces rocks to break apart.
2. High temperatures and heavy rainfall encourage forests to grow.
3. Good roads and railway systems allow people to live in smaller towns and to travel into the big cities to work commuting.
4. Saturns satellite Dione exhibits bright wispy areas, perhaps where large fractures have allowed water to escape and form frost.
5. When the ice sheets extended across the site of Great Lakes the weight of ice caused the region to be depressed.
6. Scientists believe the total quantity of water on and around the earth to have been more or less uniform throughout geologic time.
7. Constant expansions and contractions cause the outer layers to crack and disintegrate.
8. Since rock is a relatively poor conducter of heat, the suns rays cause exposed surface to become heated and expanded more than the interior resulting in strains that weaken the rock.
9. The melt water has caused the oceans to spill over.
10. Great pressures cause the molten rock to rise up.
11. The heat of the sun causes the rocks to expand.
12. Cooling and consolidation of internal material caused the earth to shrink and thus forced the cool outer crust to adapt itself to a shrinking interior.
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13. Venera-4 found the temperatures in the equatorial regions of Venus to be at about 2000C.
14. Modern techniques enable us to desalt water from the sea.
15. In certain situation natural heat and pressure can cause preexisting rocks to crystallize or recrystallize.
16. Probably increased pressure does not cause the velocity of the wave to increase in iron as much as it does in basic rocks.
17. Precipitation results if the cooling causes the relative humidity to reach 100 percent.
18. Throughflow causes the soil to be wetter at the foot of a slope than it is higher up.
19. British government encouraged farmers to diversify away from agriculture.
20. Steep slopes give debris flows their energy and enable them to travel long distances and become major hazards to settlements lower down the valley.
Task 7. Translate the sentences from Russian into English using the models whenever possible.
Model 1: see (hear, observe) smb. do smth.
1. , .
2. .
3. .
Model 2: want (expect, assume) smb. to do smth.
1. .
2. , .
3. , . , .
Model 3: let smb. do smth.
makesmb. do smth.
1. , .
2. .
3. , .
Task 8. Study the following.
Complex Subject
| The students are known | to secure specimens of rocks every summer. to be securing specimens of rocks now. to have secured many specimens of rocks already. to be sent to the expedition. to have been sent to the expedition. |
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| 1. : : to see to hear to notice to think- to consider-, to believe- to expect-, to suppose- to know- to say- to report to order- to ask- to allow- to state- to announce | The surface of the sun is estimated to have a temperature of more than 10,0000F. All glaciers around the Northern Atlantic coast are reported to be shrinking. | , 100000 . , . |
2. to be likely -
to be unlikely ,
 ,
to be certain ,
to be sure ,
| Reserves of coal and oil are likely to be exhausted in less than a century. | , . |
 3. to seem ,
 to appear -
to prove
to turn out
 to happen
to chance
| The oldest glaciation appears to have taken place in Ontario around 2.3 billion years ago. Grey limestone formations proved to be very hard. | , -, 2.3 . . |
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Task 9. Translate the following into Russian. State the Subjective Infinitive Construction.
1. The pyramids of Egypt are thought to record the pattern of the stars in the sky.
2. Mountains were thought to have formed through the consequent contraction of the earths interior.
3. The solar system is thought to have started as a defuse cloud of gas and dust, in which the planets grew by accretion (, ).
4. By the year 2015, urban areas are expected to be home to more than half of the worlds population.
5. The earths supply of hydrogen fuel is believed to be largely used up.
6. When material on a hillside has weathered, it is likely to move downslope because of the pull of gravity.
7. Polar bears are estimated to be extinct by 2060.
8. Saturns Titan hides its surface beneath an atmosphere composed mainly of nitrogen but appears to have a polar ice cap.
9. The scablands are believed to have been carved by gigantic floods of water.
10. If over a period of time, the amount of snow a glacier gains is greater than the amount of ice and water it loses, the glacier expands and is said to have a positive budget.
11. Meteorites are of interest not only to astronomers but to geologists, for they may give us clues to what the earths interior is like because many of the meteorites are thought to represent fragments of destroyed minor planets.
12. Jupiters satellites Ganymede, Europe, and Calisto are all believed to have rocky cores covered by shells of ice and possibly liquid water.
13. Uranuss largest satellites seem to be predominantly made of water ice with some silicates and perhaps mixed with small amounts of ammonia and methane.
14. Uranuss craters of Oberon appear to have been flooded with a dark material and the surface of Umbriel appears to have been coated with similarly dark material.
15. 2, 735, 000 tons of mineral substances are estimated to be added in soltion from all the rivers to the ocean.
16. Most glaciers in both northern and southern hemispheres seem to have been reducing more or less rapidly for several decades.
17. These canyons are unlikely to have been widened by lateral corrosion of streams.
18. The attraction of the Sun and the Moon is supposed to affect not only the waters of the ocean but also the solid crust of the Earth.
19. Corals have long been known to have distinct bands that represent annual growth. The bands are themselves made up of narrower bands that seem to represent monthly growth and are probably related to the tides and monthly cycle of the moon.
20. Debris flows are most likely to occur in areas where loose weathered matrial (regolith) can build up.
Task 10. Paraphrase the following sentences according to the models. Mind the tense-form of the predicative.
Model 1: Hydrogen is known to be the lightest of the elements.
It is known that hydrogen is the lightest of the elements.
1. The running water is considered to be the most important erosive agent.
2. More than 1/5 of the whole land surface is estimated to have been covered with ice late in the Pleistocene Epoch.
3. Sedimentary rocks are believed to be formed by deposits laid down on the floors of oceans.
Model 2: Grey limestone formations proved to be very hard.
It proved that grey limestone formations are very hard.
1. This approach seems to be working.
2. Changes in atmospheric pressure appear to have some effect on animals.
3. The western part of the region proved to be rich in coal, iron-ore and other metallic ores.
Model 3: Artesian water is likely to move over considerable distances from a recharge area.
It is likely that artesian water moves over considerable distances from a recharge area.
1. Extensive areas with similar climates are also likely to have resemblance in natural vegetation and soil.
2. Tornadoes are unlikely to occur in winter or autumn.
3. An air mass with colder, drier air in its surface layers than aloft is certain to be stable.
Task 11. Translate the sentences from Russian into English using the rules in Task 8.
I.
1. , 6371,11 .
2. , 2/5 .
3. , 22% .
4. , .
5. , , .
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II.
1. .
2. (expanding) .
3. , -, , .
III.
1. , .
2. , .
3. , , .
Task 12. Study the following.
