A. surface B. poured C. glass D. favorable
E. requirements F. alloy G. shuttering H. reaction
I. structural J. substances K. arrangement L. plywood
1. The creation of …… elements by the formwork systems has greatly benefited the construction industry.
2. Due to low cost, strength, durability and other …… mechanical properties, concrete is widely being used as a structural construction material.
3. Concrete is required to be …… for the formation of walls, slabs, and other structural elements.
4. The commonly used form materials are wood …… and that are disposedas construction waste.
5. The …… of finished products is not affected when removed from the forms.
6. When water is added, hydration, which is a …… of cement with water to produce a hard substance, occurs.
7. The cement separates from other …… of the mix, causing cracks in the cement.
8. A soft …… weld wire is utilized in the concrete form weld process.
9. Reinforced concrete has metal rods, and other elements like …… fiber.
10. To reduce transportation costs and ensure rapid construction, it is essential that the concrete is formed according to the …… at the construction site.
UNIT 9 Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete (GFRC)
Read, translate the following text and be ready to fulfil the tests:
GFRC is an engineered concrete that has numerous applications in concrete products including ornamental structures, fountains, domes, etc. GFRC is also used extensively for decorative panels.
Composition of Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete (GFRC). Glass fiber reinforced concrete composites contain high strength glass fibers that are surrounded by a cementitious medium. In this shape, both the fibers and the environment maintain their natural individual chemical characteristics. However, the concrete produced has improved resultant properties that cannot be attained if either of the components is used individually. The glass fibers are the main elements that carry the load, while the enclosed matrix keeps the fibers in the preferred position and direction. The medium facilitates transfer of the load on the fibers, and shields them from the damage due to environment. Glass fibers can be integrated into the matrix either in constant or irregular lengths. The most widespread shape in which glass fiber reinforced composites are used in structural applications is known as laminate. This form is achieved by consolidating fine fiber layers and a matrix into the desired size. The orientation of fiber in each layer, and the stacking sequence of the layers, can be used to produce a range of mechanical properties of the composite materials.
All these properties are combined with the fact that GFRC looks like solid concrete, although it weighs only one-third of the original solid concrete weight. This makes it ideal for outdoor or indoor applications where lightweight and durable concrete is needed. Such applications may include decorative structures, fountains, domes, planters, etc. Glass fiber consists of 200-400 individual filaments, lightly bonded in order to form a stand. These stands can then be chopped into various lengths and be used for a variety of applications. The main industrial application of glass fibers is cement or mortar matrices reinforcing, used for thin-sheet products manufacture. The conventional mixing techniques for concrete only allow about 2% (by volume) of fibers of a length of 25mm to be used. The most common type of glass fibers used for general applications is e-glass. Polymers may also be added in the glass fiber mixes in order to improve physical properties such as moisture movement.
Advantages of Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete. GFRC is an engineered material. Its properties can change depending upon the design of mix, fiber content, and the techniques used for manufacture. The use of GFRC has become popular due to its numerous favorable properties:
•GFRC has been tested in the laboratory and also in the actual installations, and can be anticipated to survive as long as pre-cast concrete. In numerous environmental conditions, like when exposed to salts or moisture, GFRC is likely to function better due to the absence of steel reinforcement that may corrode.
•Relatively light in weight compared to the traditional stones. Its installation is fast and comparatively simple.
•GFRC has the characteristics to be cast into almost any shape.
•GFRC consists of materials that are unlikely to burn. The concrete takes the role of a thermal regulator while exposed to fire and protects the materials from the flame heat.
•GFRC is thin and strong, with weight being from 75% to 90% less compared to solid concrete. Less weight facilitateseasy and rapid installation, and also decreases the load applied on the structure. The light weight and tough material also minimizes the transportation expenditures, permits flexibility in design, and reduces the impact on environment.
•Superior strength enhances the ability to endure seismic loads.
•GFRC is less vulnerable to weather effects and more resistant to freeze thaw than the normal concrete.
Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text:
Active Vocabulary
1.Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete стеклофибробетон
2. application применение
3. medium средство, среда
4. to surround окружать
5. resultant получающийся в результате
6. to attain достигать, приобретать
7. to enclose заключать, окружать
8. preferred предпочтительный
9. to facilitate способствовать, облегчать
10. to shield защищать, заслонять
11. widespread широко распространенный
12. sequence последовательность
13. filament волокно, нить
14. mortar строительный раствор
15. e-glass алюмо-боро-силикатное стекло с содержанием щелочных элементов менее 2%
16. to anticipate ожидать, предвидеть
17. pre-cast сборного типа; готовый; предварительно отлитый (о железобетонных изделиях);
18. to expose подвергать
19. to corrode подвергаться действию коррозии
20. impact воздействие
21. vulnerable уязвимый
22. to endure выдерживать
CONTROL TESTS
TEST I
Decide whether these statements are true or false:
1. a). Glass fiber reinforced concrete composites contain high strength glass fibers that are used extensively for decorative panels.
b). Glass fiber reinforced concrete composites contain high strength glass fibers that are surrounded by a cementitious medium.
c). Glass fiber reinforced concrete composites contain high strength glass fibers that are consolidated in a matrix in the desired size.
2. a). The glass fibers are the main elements that carry the load, while the medium facilitates transfer of the load.
b). The glass fibers are the main elements that carry the load, although GFRC weighs only one-third of the original solid concrete weight.
c). The glass fibers are the main elements that carry the load, while the enclosed matrix keeps the fibers in the preferred position and direction.
3. a). Polymers may also be added in the glass fiber mixes in order to improve physical properties such as moisture movement.
b). Polymers may also be added in the glass fiber mixes in order to keep the fibers in the preferred position and direction.
c). Polymers may also be added in the glass fiber mixes in order to shield them from the damage due to environment.
4. a). The use of GFRC has become popular due to its adaptability for decorative concrete products.
b). The use of GFRC has become popular due to its natural chemical characteristics.
c). The use of GFRC has become popular due to its numerous favorable properties.
5. a). GFRC has been tested in the laboratory and also in the actual installations, and can be anticipated to be integrated into the matrix either in constant or irregular lengths.
b). GFRC has been tested in the laboratory and also in the actual installations, and can be anticipated to survive as long as pre-cast concrete.
c). GFRC has been tested in the laboratory and also in the actual installations, and can be anticipated to have improved resultant properties.
TEST II
Match words in columns A and B (synonym match):
A B
1. application a). instrumentation b). mapping
c). location d). employment
2. fiber a). filament b). level
c). range d). mark
3. to maintain a). to defend b). to support
c). to elevate d). to measure
4. load a). force b). weight
c). site d). data
5. durable a). ready b). necessary
c). alternative d). secure
6. to achieve a). to apply b). to waste
c). to obtain d). to point
7. to expose a). to subject b). to finish
c). to form d). to remain
8. tough a). shallow b). rigid
c). square d). regular
9. to include a). to test b). to survey
c). to own d). to comprise
10. expenditure a). requirement b). dimension
c). expense d). layout
TEST III
Select the best possible answer out of the choices from the list to the statements (multiple choice):
1. Glass fiber reinforced concrete composites contain high strength glass fibers…
a. that can be cast into almost any shape.
b. that reduce the impact on environment.
c. that protect the materials from the flame heat.
d. that are surrounded by a cementitious medium.
2. The orientation of fiber in each layer and the stacking sequence of the layers can be used.….
a. to make GFRC ideal for outdoor or indoor applications.
b. to produce a range of mechanical properties.
c. to withstand different environmental conditions.
d. tokeep the fibers in the preferred position and direction.
3. In numerous environmental conditions GFRC is likely to function better …
a. due to the ability to endure seismic loads.
b. due to the materials that are unlikely to burn.
c. due to the absence of steel reinforcement that may corrode.
d. due to the improved resultant properties.
4. Less weight facilitateseasy and rapid installation, and also ….
a. takes the role of a thermal regulator while exposed to fire.
b. survives as long as pre-cast concrete.
c. improves physical properties such as moisture movement.
d. decreases the load applied on the structure.
5. GFRC is less vulnerable to weather effects and more resistant to ….
a. corrosion than the normal concrete.
b. freeze thaw than the normal concrete.
c. the damage due to environment.
d. the conventional mixing techniques.
TEST IV
