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Соотнесите английские слова и словосочетания с их русскими эквивалентами. 1) gravity of offence a) суеверные представления 2) a grip on the lives b) тяжесть правонарушения 3) public execution c)




 

1) gravity of offence a) суеверные представления
2) a grip on the lives b) тяжесть правонарушения
3) public execution c) пройти испытание судом
4) riot d) средство мотивации
5) endure the trial e) суровое испытание
6) innocence f) беда, несчастье
7) the accused g) беспорядки
8) motivating force h) приемлемая форма наказания
9) defendant i) публичная казнь
10) misfortune j) вина
11) superstitious beliefs k) сильное влияние на жизнь
12) favoured form of punishment l) показания свидетелей
13) trial by ordeal m) обвиняемый
14) guilt n) подсудимый
15) witness accounts o) невиновность

 

3. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующим словам и

Словосочетаниям.

1) осуждать

2) колдовство

3) возложить вину на

4) казнить

5) обвинять в

6) доказательство невиновности

7) превышение судебных полномочий

8) поднять бунт против суровых мер наказания

9) тюремное заключение

10) отменить смертный приговор

11) средство устрашения

12) приговорить к наказанию

 

4. Выразите согласие/несогласие со следующими утверждениями.

 

1. A judicial practice by which the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined is a verdict.

 

2. Trial by ordeal meant severe experience for the accused.

3. There were a lot of theories confirming the effectiveness of trial by ordeal.

4. The result of progress was the improvement of the prison system.

5. The last public execution took place in 1968 in France.

 

Закончите следующие предложения в соответствии с текстом.

1. In a primitive society punishment ….

2. Gradually there arose the idea of proportionate punishment ….


 


7. In medieval Europe the guilt or innocence of the accused ….

 

8. With the passage of time the attitude of society towards ….

9. Furthermore in 1969 the death penalty for murder ….

10. The progress of civilization has resulted in….

11. The favoured type of punishment was ….

12. The result of the humanitarian movement was ….

13. Later law breakers were considered ….

14. Justification of punishment aims at ….

 

Образуйте существительные от глаголов при помощи суффиксов -ment и -tion. Переведите их.

 

Rehabilitate, treat, impose, accuse, punish, violate, develop, convict, imprison, amend, implement, legislate, execute, restrict, probate, infringe, incarcerate, encourage, define, assassinate, prevent.

 

-tion -ment
   
to educate — education to develop — development
   

 

Подготовьте аннотацию к тексту History of Punishment.

 

 

UNIT 6. TYPES OF PUNISHMENT

 

Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What modern types of punishment do you know?

2. Are mild sentences a sign of a civilized society?

 

TEXT 1

 

Types of Punishment

 

Vocabulary

 

1. to refrain from — воздерживаться от чего-либо, удерживаться от чего-либо

 

2. to submit t to — подчиняться

3. to take into account — принять во внимание

4. the prior criminal record — предыдущая судимость

5. deliberate infliction of pain — умышленное причинение боли

 

Прочитайте и переведите текст. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What does punishment for a crime depend on?

2. What kinds of punishment do you know?


 


3. What does a judge take into account in declaring a sentence?

 

4. In what cases are fines used for criminal offences?

 

5. How does the length of sentences vary?

 

6. In what way are Britain and the USA trying to solve the shortage of space in prisons?

 

7. What is the main idea of probation?

 

8. What is a parole?

 

9. What does community service require?

 

There are several kinds of punishment available to the courts. Crimes are punished according to their seriousness. More serious crimes are given harsher penalties. In declaring a sentence a judge may take into account the following: criminal record, the age of the offender and some circumstances of the crime, including cooperation with law enforcement officers, the amount of loss to victims, whether a weapon was used in the crime, the age of the victims.

Punishment may include:

 

a fine

 

aterm of imprisonment (time in jail or prison)

 

probation or parole

 

community service

 

For criminal offences FINES are often imposed when the offence is not a very serious one and when the offender has not had any criminal record before.

 

For more serious crimes the usual punishment is IMPRISONMENT. The length of sentences varies from a few days to a lifetime. However, a life sentence may allow the prisoner to be released after a suitably long period if a parole board agrees that his detention no longer serves the purpose. In some countries, such as the Netherlands, living conditions in prison are fairly good because it is believed that deprivation of liberty is punishment in itself and should not be so harsh that it reduces the possibility of the criminal re-educating and reforming himself. In other countries, conditions are very bad. Perhaps because of an increase in crime or because of more and longer sentences of imprisonment, some prison cells have to accommodate far more people than they were built to hold. Britain and the United States are trying to solve the shortage of space by allowing private companies to open prisons.

 

PROBATION is the suspending of jail time. An offender on probation is ordered to follow certain conditions set forth by the court, often under the supervision of a probation officer. Offenders are ordinarily required to refrain from subsequent possession of firearms, and may be ordered to remain employed, live at a directed place, obey the orders of the probation officer. Offenders on probation might be fitted with an electronic tag (or monitor), which signals their whereabouts to officials. Also, offenders have been ordered to submit to repeated alcohol/drug testing or to participate in alcohol/drug or psychological treatment, or to perform community service work.


 


PAROLE is the supervised release of prisoners before the completion of their sentence in prison. They may be returned to prison if they violate the conditions of their parole. Conditions of parole often include things such as obeying the law, avoiding contact with the parolee’s victims, obtaining employment, and maintaining required contacts with a parole officer.

 

Parole should not be confused with probation, as parole is serving the remainder of a sentence outside of prison, where probation is given instead of a prison sentence and as such, tends to place more rigid obligations upon the individual serving the term.

 

CORPORAL PUNISHMENT is a form of physical punishment that involves the deliberate infliction of pain as retribution for an offence, or for the purpose of disciplining or reforming a wrongdoer. This kind of punishment is still employed in Malaysia, Singapore, Pakistan, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Courts may sentence offenders to be caned or whipped. As well as corporal punishment, some Islamic countries such as Saudi Arabia and Iran use other kinds of physical penalties such as amputation or mutilation.

 

COMMUNITY SERVICE requires the offender to do a certain amount of unpaid work usually for a social institution such as a hospital.

 

RESTRICTING FREEDOM in the form of house arrest as a new alternative type of punishment in the Russian Federation has now been adopted in connection with coming into force of new provisions in the Penal Code and Correctional Penal Codes.

 





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