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The worldslongest railway is theTrans-Siberianline. .
Worlds- s .
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The Oktyabrskaya Railway is the oldest railway in Russia. - - .
The oldest - old.
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The Museum o fBritishTransport inLondon tells the story of transport in Britain. .
Tells - , totell.
The Museum of British Transport in London doesnt tell the story of transport in Britain.
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I. . , s ( , , 3 ). .
1.The design of modern freight cars ensures safety.
2. The growth of goods traffic and train speeds requires higher
standards of track facilities.
3.We visited all Moscows railway terminals last summer.
II. , .
1. The heaviest rails are used in the main line tracks of the railroads.
2. Diesel traction can give some advantages, but the gas turbine
will be more compact and lighter
3. Russia has a greater length electrified lines than any other country.
III. . . .
1. I saw a man who was standing on the platform.
2. The conductor is cleaning the compartment now.
IV. .
Cast Iron Rails.
Cast iron rails were first suggested by A.S.Yartsef, manager of the Alexander Gun Works in Petrozavodsk. The first railway with cast iron rails was constructed in 1788. It was 173.5 m. long and was to meet the needs of the works. Another line with cast iron rails was constructed in the Altai Mountains by engineer R.K.Frolov in 1809. Its length was 1,867 m. Its technical equipment was much superior of all the equipment of all railways built in the Urals at that time.
The rails Frolov used were elliptical instead of being angular. It was on that railway that the graphic method of timing train movement was first applied and it was Frolov who did it.
castiron-
to meet the needs-
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I. . , s ( , , 3 ). .
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1.The Londons Metro is the oldest in the world.
2.The cars made in Russia are of high quality.
3.On a passenger train conductor collects tickets and looks after
passengers comfort.
II. , .
1.Leningradsky railway terminal, the oldest, is more than one hundred
years old.
2.Gravel is known to be the best kind of ballast.
3.The gas turbine will be much less expensive to maintain and will
operateon cheaper fuels.
III. . . .
1.This railway is very important because it connects distant parts
of the country.
2. The train is approaching the station now.
IV. .
The Operation of Trains.
The work of a freight yard is very difficult and requires much time. We must use technical aids to facilitate this work.
The telephone system is only one aspect of telecommunication. Another one is the loudspeaker system for giving information at stations, which plays an important part in passenger traffic. Radio is also essential in the modern freight yard. It helps car inspectors to save their time. If a car inspector finds a car requires repair, he can ask other inspector for help by radio. Television is finding application on railways too. It helps to check the cars appear on the television screen.
So we see that radio, telephone and television make job of the railroad workers easier and more efficient.
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I. . , s ( , , 3 ). .
1.It is very important to simplify the problem of running trains.
2.A train loses too much time because of delays and stops.
3.The computers electronic memory have been introduced
on railways of many countries.
II. , .
1.Longer rails increase the comfort of passengers..
2.The more we learn about the work of train dispatcher, the better
we understand its importance.
3. The best site for a station generally is near the centre of a town.
III. . . .
1.The railroads equipped many trains with automatic control.
2. The workers will be washing the cars in the coach all day tomorrow.
IV. .
The Railway Track.
The railway track differs from other kinds of roads. It has a raised track for its cars and locomotives. Some railways have two or several tracks. On each track all trains usually move in one direction. In order to make trains pass from one track to another there is a switch. It is a necessary part of the track.
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The distance between the rails is called the gauge of the railroad. Railway rails differ in size and weight. We use the heaviest rail on trunk lines. These lines carry the largest volume of freight and passenger traffic.
Ballast is also a very important element in track construction.
trunk line
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I. . , s ( , , 3 ). .
1.On rainy days the ballast lets the water drain away quickly
without weakening the track.
2.Radio helps car inspectors to save their time.
3. Frolovs rails were elliptical instead of being angular.
II. , .
1.The work of a freight yard is very difficult and requires much time.
2.This car is much more comfortable than that one.
3. As broken granite is the most suitable material, it is used for ballast.
III. . . .
1.The railway needs thousands of skilled workers.
2. Thetrain was approaching the platform when we came to the station.
IV. .
Length of Rails.
The length of rails varies considerably in various countries. The rail joint is the weakest part of the track structure and railways have to use long rails as possible. A limiting factor is the transportation of rails. Rails have to be such length that they may be carried in the longest standard wagons. Very long rails cannot be handled by manual labour and special handling devices, such as cranes, are necessary. Longer rails increase the comfort of passengers.
Now the rails are welded together after laying. Eight welded rails can be laid per day. Many countries are carrying out investigations of welding processes. Long welded rails are now widely used in every country of the world.
to handle -
handling device -
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I. . , s ( , , 3 ). .
1. The buttons to show the train route are located on the dispatchers
control panel.
2. The cars made in Russia are of high quality.
3. Being divided into divisions, the railway handles the traffic
moreefficiently.
II. , .
1.This line is longer than that one.
2. The faster the cars are loaded the quicker will goods be delivered
to the place of their destination.
3.This modern hump yard is much more efficient than that one.
III. . . .
1. The railwaymen are laying down a new line now.
2. The dispatcher compiled the time-table last week.
IV. .
Computers for Railways
In recent yearscomputers have been employed to plan train work,control traffic,mechanize ticket office and various accounting operations.They also draft schedules,marshal trains,calculate traction,distribute freight along various routesand do many other things involving the processing of numerous data.For thispurpose,a special computation centre has been set up in Moscow and in other cities.
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Electronic computers are used at the Research Institute of Railway
Transport.Besides being used for research, these computers are also made to tackle current problems of the railway stations and junctions.
Radio communication systems have become common in controlling the work of railways from top to bottom.
processing
tackle -
