, , - , - - , . UNIX , .
86 . SPARC Alpha.
, , . . , -. .
86 , RISC- / . 86 , , , SUN, DEC, [4-7].
(ASCI) 10 ./. Pentium Pro, Power PC, Alpha, R-10000 [4-7].
, , - -, , . , , .
, . . , . Speed Daemon. . -Brainiac - . , -, .
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[4-7]:
86
- Intel: Pentium (5, 6, P-II, Celeron, P-III ..);
- AMD (NexGen): 5, 6, K6-II; K7-10;
- Cyrix: M1, 2.
Power PC
- IBM, Motorola: Power PC 603, 604, 620, 750, G3, G4.
PA
- HP: PA-8000, 8200, 8500.
Alpha
- DEC: Alpha (21064, 21164, 21164A, 21264, 21364).
SPARC
- SUN: SPARC.
MIPS
- Silicon Graphics: MIPS R-x (R10000, R12000).
- , VLIW-.
Pentium. Pentium [38, 39] Intel, 60 1000 . Pentium Intel .
Pentium [5, 7, 8], 60 66 , 0,8 5 3,1 . , , - Pentium 90 100 0,6 3,3 3,3 . . Pentium 120 0,35 , 2,8 .
86, Pentium (. 1.1) , :
;
- ;
;
;
64- ;
;
SL- ;
;
;
.
. Pentium - Intel 32- ( Intel 486).
Pentium . Intel 486, Pentium 5 [5]:
1) (PF - Prefetch);
2) (D1-Instruction Decode);
3) (D2-Address Generate);
4) - (EX-Execute);
5) (WB-Write Back)
.
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. . . , . .
Pentium , , . , , . , Pentium , .
- . - Pentium 8 . - -. 32- .
(TLB) -.
Pentium (write-back) MESI (Midified, Exclusive, Shared, Invalid). .
Pentium MESI .
Pentium MMX [5,7,8]. NSP - , 1995 Intel, - , , . , , - , . , NSP, 86 . NSP 1997. Pentium MMX ( 55), 57 , , , ( , , ..). 86, lntel80386 1985 , 220 .
Pentium MMX [38, 39] Intel (. 1.2):
;
;
;
MESI - ;
64- ;
;
;
.
, Pentium, :
;
- ( 16 );
;
;
.
Pentium MMX , :
;
(Intel 82498/82493 82497/82492);
- .
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Pentium MMX 4,5 . 0,35 ( 0,25 ). 3,3 2,8 . 15,7 .
Pentium MMX . 1.2. (U pipeline, V pipeline). U . V - FXCH.
. 1.2 - . 16 , . (TLB). .
, . (1) 8259 , .
Pentium . Pentium ( 32 ) - , - () ( , , , ). Pentium 4- ( 16 ), 4- , .
6 (F) (PF) (DI). , Pentium DI. Pentium Pentium . 1.3. .
CLK0 | CLK1 | CLK2 | CLK3 | CLK4 | CLK5 | CLK6 | CLK7 | |
I1 | I3 | I5 | I7 | Pf | ||||
I2 | I4 | I6 | I8 | |||||
I1 | I3 | I5 | I7 | D1 | ||||
I2 | I4 | I6 | I8 | |||||
I1 | I3 | I5 | I7 | D2 | ||||
I2 | I4 | I6 | I8 | |||||
I1 | I3 | I5 | I7 | Ex | ||||
I2 | I4 | I6 | I8 | |||||
I1 | I3 | I5 | I7 | Wb | ||||
I2 | I4 | I6 | I8 |
)
CLK0 | CLK1 | CLK2 | CLK3 | CLK4 | CLK5 | CLK6 | CLK7 | CLK8 | |||||
I1 | I3 | I5 | I7 | Pf | |||||||||
I2 | I4 | I6 | I8 | ||||||||||
I1 | I3 | I5 | I7 | f | |||||||||
I2 | I4 | I6 | I8 | ||||||||||
I1 | I3 | I5 | I7 | D1 | |||||||||
I2 | I4 | I6 | I8 | ||||||||||
I1 | I3 | I5 | I7 | D2 | |||||||||
I2 | I4 | I6 | I8 | ||||||||||
I1 | I3 | I5 | I7 | Ex | |||||||||
I2 | I4 | I6 | I8 | ||||||||||
I1 | I3 | I5 | I7 | Wb | |||||||||
I2 | I4 | I6 | I8 | ||||||||||
)
. 1.3. :
) - Pentium; 6) Pentium
. 1.3. : Il, I2,... ; Clk0, Clk1,... - ; pf, f, d1, d2, ex, wb - - , , , , .
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, - . Intel:
8 - (0 - 7). 64- - ;
57 . - , , , , , ;
4 - (8 64- ), ( 16- 64- ), ( 32- 64- ) (64 ). , 64- - (SIMD- ).
SIMD , (, 16- , 8- ..). . 4- 16- 4 -. Pentium 4- : FILD, FMUL, FADD ( 12 ).
- 60% Pentium, ( Intel Media Benchmark).
- , , . 50 .
- (U V) - ( ). 6 - 6 - .
. SPECint 95 SPECfp 95 Pentium Pentium 3.1.
Intel - P6 Pentium Pro [4,8]. , , . P6, , 86. 32- , 16- , 5 .
Pentium 4.
Pentium 4- . 2000 Pentium 4 - 32- Intel [9]. 2000 64- Itanium, , 80x86-Pentium, 1978 8086 Pentium III, Pentium III Xeon, Celeron, . , , Intel, . Pentium 4:
- NetBurst (-), -;
- FSB, 3,2 /c 400 ;
- 128- SIMD-, .
Pentium 4 IA-32 (Intel Architcture 32), 32- Intel, i386. , . () Pentuim 4 P6, Pentium II, Pentium III Celeron. .
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Pentuim 4 , 20 ( Pentium - 5 , Pentium III - 11 ). , 20 , () . - , Pentuim 4 , 90-% , .
, .
- 2- 256 , Pentuim III, - () . - 1- 8 . - 1- Pentuim 4 - (), 100 , . , . , . , , .
, 400 . RDRAM [9] MCH (Memory Controller Hub), 4 . 100 , 400 , 3 , , 133 .
144 , . SIMD- (Single Instruction - Multiple Data) Pentium, MMX (Multi-Media Extension) - SSE (Streaming SIMD Extesion) - . Pentium 4 , SSE-2, . (MMX) 128 ( 64 ), (SSE) ( ). .
, SSE-2 -, - .
2001 0,13 6- Pentium 4 2 [4].
. Intel [10-12]. . - , , . . , , . , , , , - . . .
() - TLP (Thread Level Parallelism). , ( ), . : , (, -), . , (, ) (MTA - MultiThreading Architecture). , , (TLP), , , (, ). , , , .
(TLP) . , , . . (). (, -). . - , . , , , .
- SMT (Simultaneous Multi-Threading) . - . , , SMT , , :
- ( ) ;
- , , (, , );
- ( ) ;
- ( ) .
SMT - , () , . , , , , .
Hyper-Threading. 2002 Intel Hyper-Threading . - , , , . Hyper-Threading . , , .
Hyper-Threading ( ) , . , , .
Hyper-Threading , (Architecture State, AS). , , . , . , , , - . , . . out-of-order ( ), .
Hyper-Threading NetBurst Pentium 4 - .
Intel NetBurst , . , , . , , IA-32, 35% , 65% , . , . Hyper-Threading, .
, , , ( - threads) , . . , - . , . , . .. , Hyper-Threading. Hyper-Threading - , , . AS (Architectural State) IA-32.
Architectural State ( , , - APIC, ), ( , ALU, FPU, SIMD- .) AS1 (LP1), AS2 - (LP2). (APIC - Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller) . - RAT (Register Alias Table), . RAT . , .
2002 , Intel Pentium 4, Intel Pentium 4 3.06 . CPU , Hyper-Threading.
, . . ( - ), . , . , , .
86 Intel AMD 2005., 2006 . , RISC- Sun Microsystems (UltraSPARC IV), IBM (Power4, Power5) HP (PA-8800 PA-8900).
Pentium D. 2005 Pentium D [10-12]. Pentium D (. 1.4). L2 1 .
NetBurst Pentium 4. , 800 .
Pentium D Hyper-Threading. Pentium Extreme Edition, .
Pentium D 64- EM64T XD - . SpeedStep, .
Pentium D 90- , 206 . . 230 . . , . , , ѐ .
2 . , (L2) 1 .
, , . , . , "". 23
Pentium Extreme Edition 3,2 , 800 2 - ( 1 ).
Hyper-Threading, .