( . ). г . . . г . . , . .
˳: [3], 5464, 7893; [6], 7179, 8285, 8790; [11], 91 110; [12], 109140; [15], 8891, 99117.
г , , . ' , . ' , ' , ' : , , - , . , : , =2. .
. , 㳿 . - , , z1 z2 . , , , , , (v, , z), , . , , . , , , +. , .
, , , , ( ).
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', , , ; , , , , = + = .
1. ( )
d = 200 ,, ( ) Q = 223 3 /, h = 515 . ., = 2,8 .
: 1 , II , ( 00).
:
:
I (), ( , , , 45 d-,
, 1 = 0,0016 2);
:
1 = , 2= -,
= = 13600 9,81 0,515 = 68,7103 /2;
:
z1 = -H, z2 = 0 ( - , I ;
, ( . 6).
, :
z | ||||
I | - | - | ||
II | 4Q/ d2 | - |
,
2. Q (3/), U- h = 200 . ., D = 500 d=300 , = 1,2/3. .
(I II) , ( ).
.
(v1 v 2),
1-2 = Δ = 1960 /2, h = 0, z1 z2 , ; , ( ) .
,
1. . .
2. ?
3. ?
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4. ?
5. ?
6. ' (/2), =0,05 , Q=44,2 3/., d=50 . .
³: ' =0,25 /2.
7. Q (3/), , h=200 , d=400 , =0,81, =1,18 /3. .
³: Q = 6,7 3/.
6. ò˲Ͳ . в
ó . .
. . . .
( ; , , , , ). . .
( , ; , ; ; ).
̳ , , . . () . .
˳: [3], 104187, 257263; [6], 92112, 120140; [], 110115, 127148, 169190; [12], 93105, 140-165; [15], 118164, 184189.
, . =2320.
, , : N, R, F, u ( , , , ).
, , . , ( , , ) .
, , , , , . , , , ( ) .
1. d=100 , l=133 , = 36 /, , =0,85, ' 15. (), = 20 . ̳ .
, ', . '
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ʳ '
R =1370< R =2320, .
: 1- , II I ( ). , :
v | z | |||
I | v | + | ||
II | v |
,
,
,
2. d = 200 Δ=0,5 .
, , R = 500 120. l (), Q_=360 3/., , , =1,5 , .
: I , II ,
:
v | z | |||
I | v | + | ||
II | v |
,
(*)
.
R =638000 > R =2320, .
ͳ , R = 638000 =Δ: =0,0005:0,1=0,005 , ͳ
(. 5) :
: d =1/2 = 2,06;
d: R = 0,2:0,5 = 0,4
= 120
= / () =0,138
, = 3+ = 2,06+0,092 2,15.
ϳ (*), :
1. .
2. N, R, R, u ?
3. .
4. ?
5. ?
6. .
7. ?
8. ?
9. ?
10. , .
11. ?
12. ?
13. d= 50 , = 670 h=230 , ' 1,2.
³: , R = 41700.
14. Q (3/), = 12,8 /2, = 120 , l =142 , d=100 , Δ= 0,2 , :d = 5/8, R =83 . ³: Q=58 3/.
|
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15. (), ' 41.10, d = 100 l= 30 Q=0,03 3/. =0.125
³: = 13.
7. в ²
. . , . ' . . . . .
. . . ó .
˳: [3], 188198, 203206; [6], 176215, 220239, 112120, 244250; [], 251269, 204211; [12], 165181, 183184, 190198; 219224; [15], 190191, 196197, 200203, 223231.
, . : ( ) .
, , ( ).
' , , , .
, , . . , .
( , .). . .
.
1. , . ij d=200 , l=350 , Δ=1 , = 3 , =277 , =28. 400 3/.
, ;
, ;
, = + =3 + 277 = 280 ;
Q ;
, :
, 6, , d = 200 Δ=1 =7,81 2/6 =51,5 2/5.
= (7,81350+51,528) =4175 2/5.
, :
Q 0 400 3/ ( ), :
Q, 3/ | |||||
, |
(. .).
2. N (), , , Q=250 3 /.
.
= 280 + 4175 0,06952 = 300
:
3. , Q=280 /, Δ=0,5 . :
d, l,, |
̳ .
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.
=
- ' :
, , :
= l, =l/K2
. 1, 2, 3 4 Δ=0,5 . , 6.
1. .
2. ? ?
3. ? ?
4. .
5. .
6. ' .
7. ? ?
8. .
9. ³ ? ' ?
10. ?
11. ?
12. (), Q=180 3/, : l1= 600 , l2=400 , l3 = 300, : d1=200 , d2=125 , d3=100 , Δ=0,2 . ̳ . ³: =3,03 .
13. N (), .
³: N =148 .
14. Q (3/) , i =0,001, b = 3,0 , = 4,8 , h=1,5 . n = 0,020.
³: Q= 8,66/ .
8. Ҳ в ,
. . . . .
˳: [3], 218234; [6], 147163, 316324-[11], 212225, 231244; [12], 198219; [15], 165183.
, , , . , , , .
, . . , .
, , , .
1. Q (3 /) , =1 , d =9 , d =0,13 . , .
г
, = 0,71,
2. () Q=500 h=200 , d=5 , =1 . =0,62.
1 2 :
H1= , 2 = -h, , .
1. ?
2. ' , , ?
3. ? .
4. ?
5. .
6. . ? ?
7. d () , =2,4 =const, Q=5 3/. = 0,64, =0.06. ³: = 5 .
8. , , : L = 4,0 , = 2,5 , = 0,6 , m = 800 d =10 . , . , . ³: = 23,7 .
9. IJ Ҳ
. . . . . .
˳: [3], 245256; [6], 164173; [11], 190196, 244249; [12], 224229; [15], 204214.
䳿 .
, , , .
, ', .
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. ?
5. ?
6. .
II