26.1.
XX ., ( ) . , , , . . , - "-" (. cyber-): "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" .. , , . , , , (), " " (, ) " " (, , , .). , (cyberspace) " , , , , , , () ". "" .
, , , . , . , cybersecurity "", " " " ".
, , . , , "Information and Telecommunication Technologies", -: "- ", " ". "", , . , - , , , 2005 . " " "", . "- " - - , "" " " .
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"" . "" , - "- ", . , "" , , , , , . , - , , , , , , - . , : ) - , ) , ) , .
:
- - , , , ;
- , , , , , ;
- , , ( , , , , ..), ;
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- " ", - .
- 1960- , - , . , , () , , . , , (1980 - 1990- ), - , .
, , , . : ; , ( , ); , ( , ..); , "" , ( ) ( ); ( ). , , ( ), ( ).
, , , , . (multi-stakeholderism) , (stakeholders), , . - , , , , . - .
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, , , - , . , . : ; , , (root servers), ; , ; - -, , , , .. , . ( ) () . . "" "" ("") , , ; ; , , .. . "" "" - - , - , . "", , , , , , , .. , , , , , (, ) . " " - .
. , . - . , , . , . , , - , " " , . - , , , , 1967 ., 100 .
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, , - . , , 2001 ., , .
26.2.
-
- . , () . , - " " , , , . "-" , (Internet Protocol Standards), , , , (Internet Society, ISOC), (World Wide Web Consortium, 3WC) .
" ", , , , ; .. , -, - , -, - .
" " 2000- , Internet Governance. , governance, , -, . Internet Governance , " ", " " .. , " " , , .
2000- . - , , , . , . - . , " " , ..
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-, , -, - . , 2000 ., " ".
, , , , , , . (multistakeholder's model), , . , , , , , .
, , , . . -, - , , "". , , . -, , , - . , , , , , .
(World Summit on the Information Society) ( - , 2003 ., - , 2005 .). , -, , , : . -, (Working Group on Internet Governance). .
" " ( , 2005 .): , , , , , , , . . , . , (, , , ) , , .
, , :
- (DNS) <1>;
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<1> - , , (Domain Name System, DNS). DNS , IP-. . IP- (Internet Protocol Address, IP-Address) - , IP. . : http://cctld.ru/ru/docs/legals/domainsite.php/.
- IP- IPv6;
- ;
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, (multistakeholder's model) .
:
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- , . , , - Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, - ICANN. ICANN <1>.
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<1> .: ICANN: http://www.icann.org/.
, : -, () - (Internet Protocol Address); -, (Operating Root Servers), , , "http" ; -, (Domain Name System), . , , , , ICANN .
ICANN () , . ICANN . ICANN 1998 . (DNS) ICANN , . , ICANN , () , .
ICANN , . ICANN , , . ICANN , , , . ICANN , , . (DNS) ICANN (, - .), . , (DNS) . , , , , .
, ICANN de facto , .. , . ICANN () , , IP- , .
, (2005 .), , . , . , , . .
, , ICANN, . , ICANN , , ICANN , , . ICANN, , , ICANN status quo .
- , , . -, , (), , , , . -, " " , , .
(Internet Governance Forum, IGF), , , . , , , . , , , , . , , , . , . , , . , , . , .
2006 . , , , . , 2006 . , 2008 . , , , , . " ": 2006 . , 2010 . -.
, -, , . -, , . -, - , , () .
- , (), (), , () .
, , . , , , , , : , , , . , , . , ( , , , , ), . , -, ; -, , , , ; -, ; -, , ; -, . , , , .
. , , , - . 11 , , , . , , , : , , , , , , , , , , (APC), , , , , , (UN Habitat) . , , , , , , ; " " - , , , ..
, , . () . , , , , , - .
. -, - . -, , . , 2006 . 10 , , , . , , : ICANN; " " (W3C); (ISOC); (NRO); , , - (Internet Engineering Task Force, IETF). -, .
(UN Group on the Information Society, UN GIS) 2006 . , . , , . , , , , , (). , , , , .
, , . (), - . 11 , , , . 11 , .
, , , , , , . . , , (Stakeholders), . , , , , . , (multistakeholder's model), , , , .
- , , . , . , 2012 . () . , - , . - (International Telecommunication Regulations, ITRs), 1988 . (World Administrative Telegraph and Telephone Conference, WATTC-88). , 1988 ., " ", . . , , IP- - , , , TCP/IP HTTP. , . . 193 , , 89 (, , , , , ), 55 (, , - , .) , .
26.3. -
. -, status quo, : ICANN ; ; . -, , , , , . -, , , .
, 2010 - 2012 . , 2011 . IBSA (, , ) ( - IBSA), . IBSA 2003 . , , , . , .
IBSA , , , , , . , (stability) ; (interoperability); (accessibility); (openness); (network neutrality); ; ; - .
IBSA , " ", ICANN IP- . ICANN -, , , , , " ", . - , . , , , . , .
IBSA , , , , 8 2000 . <1>. IBSA . , . . , .
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<1> : http://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/declarations/summitdecl.shtml.
IBSA - . IBSA , " " ("UN Takeover" of Internet Governance), .
IBSA , , " ", " , ", . , " ", .
2011 . 66- ( - ) <1>. , -, , IBSA, IBSA, IBSA. , , -, , . -, IBSA : , , - , " ".
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<1> .: : http://igfwatch.org/discussion-board.
, , , , , ; ; , ; , , , . - , " " (United Nations Committee for Internet-Related Policies, CIRP). , , , " ", , , , , . , , , , , . , .
, IBSA , , , . - . - .
26.4.
, . : (""), (""), , , (""). , , , , , , "", , " ". , " ". , , , . 2001 . "Convention on Cybercrime",