One function is to determine what is to be produced and in what quantity. Even a primitive economy must choose between food and shelter, weapons and tools, priests and hunters. In a modern economy the potential variety of goods and services that may be produced is immense. Consider simply the 10,000 new book titles that are published each year or the hundreds of colours of paint or the thousands of styles of clothing that are produced - each of these actual collections being much smaller than modern technology permits.
The second function an economy must perform is to decide how the desired goods are to be produced. The efficient production of goods requires that certain obvious rules be followed: no resource should be used in producing one thing when it could be producing something more valuable elsewhere; and each product should be made with the smallest possible amount of resources.
VI. 5 .
10
I. . -s , :
) ;
) ;
) 3- Present lndefinite:
1. She often makes mistakes.
2. He is my fathers friend.
3. Nell likes bisquits with jam.
II. , ; :
1. Which is (old) of all English Universities?
2. Railways are often (cheap) than road transport over long distances.
3. She is as (clever) as her friend.
III. . , .
1. It is grouped on three sites.
2. Nature provides all the natural resources.
3. It will be raining tomorrow morning.
IV. :
1. Here is the magazine you want to read.
2. It takes two parties to make a sell: buyers and sellers.
3. All societies face limits.
V. .
The role of the production of material values
Man's conscious labor and his first tools marked the beginning of the establishment of human society. Human beings embarked upon an entirely new way of life, unlike the life led by animals. Animals can only make use of those benefits which nature provides for them. Labour freed man from this complete dependence upon nature.
With the aid of his new tools man was able to get benefits from nature that were formerly inaccessible to him. He was also able to change these natural benefits and to make them more useful to himself. Tools of stone and wood made it possible for primitive man to extend considerably his use of material values.
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Man began to kill large, strong animals and thus added quantities of nourishing meat products to his diet. He learned to work the skins of animals and used them to protect his body form the cold. Man also used his tools to build shelters. It was the production of material values that became the basis of life in human society.
VI. 5 .
11
I. . -s , :
) ;
) ;
) 3- Present lndefinite:
1. The dogs were barking last night.
2. Mr. Brown often uses a computer in his work.
3. Marys farm is near the Canadian border.
II. , ; :
1. Russia is (important) trading partner of Belarus.
2. The less we speak English the (bad) for us.
3. She is as (young) as Susie.
III. . , .
1. In simple, undeveloped societies businesses dont exist.
2. A special team has designed there products.
3. We were warning for our friends.
IV. :
1. She seems to have asked him about it.
2. The designers selected all the units to be tested in the experiment.
3. I didnt think the business was worth investing.
V. .
What is Economics?
We can define economics as the social science that reveals and analyses how society chooses from among scarce resources to satisfy its needs. In other words economics is the science that deals with production, distribution and consumption of commodities, while economy is a careful or thrifty use or management of resources, such as income, materials or labour.
Why should we study economics? There are several very good reasons, all of which involve us. Some of them have to do with us as individuals, some with us as earners or as spenders, some with us as citizens and finally as future economists. As members of the society we live in, there is no escaping economics. The food we eat, the dwelling we live in, the clothes we wear and the way we spend our leisure time are all affected by economic forces.
Economic forces also influence decisions in the world of business. In fact one common definition of economics is "the study of how people make living". The more you get informed of the subject, the better career decisions you'll be able to make.
VI. 5 .
12
I. . -s , :
) ;
) ;
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) 3- Present Indefinite:
1. There are flowers in the vase.
2. Janes job seems to be very interesting.
3. Don speaks German very well.
II. , ; :
1. Buying things from stall holders is (old) from of market.
2. Direct exporting involves (much) risk then indirect.
3. This woman is as (good) as that one.
III. . , .
1. What was your chief doing at 2 today?
2. The new department hasnt been opened yet.
3. He will finish the novel next month.
IV. :
1. There was a lot to discuss at the seminar.
2. In Belarus most industry continues to be under state control.
3. The equipment was packed in the required way.
V. .
