@. Hb 2.
.
. F 2.
#
, , . . .
@
#
@
#
. .
@
#
. , . .
@ij
#
(, , ) :
@ó-(-쳿
#
(). -.
@
#
27- , , . .
@
#
5\% .
@ó
#
:
@
#
2 , : , , , ; , : , ; ; , ; . .
|
|
@Valeriana officinalis
Petroselinum crispum
Tanacetum vulgare
Achillea submillefolium
Potentilla erecta
#
, , -.
@
#
, . .
@
#
, . , .
@
#
10-6 . ( ) ?
@
-
#
- : , , , , . - ?
@
#
MgSO4, NACI, AI(NO3) 3 0,81; 51,0; 0,095 /. ?
@Al3+
Mg2+
Na+
CI-
SO42-
#
AGCI NACI. : KBr, Ba(NO3) 2, K2CrO4, AICI3, MgSO4. ?
@AICI3
MgSO4
Ba(NO3) 2
KBr
K2CrO4
#
: , (). -_ . , : 2--1
@
-
#
. .
@
#
: . , , , . : _
@
#
N=2 n., n:
|
|
@
#
, . .
@CnH2n-2
CnH2n+2
CnH2n
CnH2n+1
CnH2n-1
#
, _ . :
@ , , (- =4n+2.
, , (-=4n
, , (-=4n+2
, , (-=0
, , (-=4n+2
#
, . : _
@
#
. . , :
@
#
. , :
@. HNO3 + . H2SO4; SE
no3 + . H2SO4; SE
KCl + HNO3; SR
. HNO3 + . H2SO4; SR
. HNO3 + . HCl; SN
#
-
@Na2B4O7(10H2O
NaBO2
Na3B
B(OC2H5) 3
B2H6
#
, .
@As
Na
Cu
S
N
#
, Cl2 KOH KClO3:
@
#
- KMnO4 . . MnO4- - :
@Mn2+
MnO2
MnO42-
Mn(OH) 2
Mn(OH) 4
#
. :
@-lg [H+]
lg [H+]
-lg [OH-]
lg [OH-]
-lg KH2O
#
, , . I2 (.) _ I2 (.) , , n = 2.
@ = 2; = 1; = 1
= 3; = 1; = 0
= 1; = 1; = 2
= 2; = 2; = 2
= 3; = 2; = 1
#
, , . ?
@
#
, . ?
@
#
<5 $0^0$. , 3- ?
|
|
@$m=m_0[1-\frac{V_0}V_0+KV}^3]$
$m=m_0\frac{V_0}V_0+KV}$
$m=m_0(\frac{V_0}V_0+KV})^3$
$m=m_0[1-\frac{V_0}V_0+KV}^n]$
$m=m_0(\frac{V_0}V_0+KV})^n$
#
NaHCO3 : NaHCO3 + H2O_H2CO3 + NAOH. , .
@NaOH
HCl
NaCl
H2SO4
NaNO3
#
H2O2 c 1. - :
@-
#
- . ?
@Ag, AGCI | HCI | . . | $^+$ | | KCI | AGCI, Ag
Zn | $ZnSO_4$ | | $CuSO_4$ | Cu
Zn | $ZnCI_2$ | | $AgNO_3$ | Ag
Pt | $Fe^{2+}, Fe^{3+}$ | | $KCI_{ .}$ | $HgCI_2$, Hg
Pt | $H_2$ | NaHCO_3 | | $KCI_{ .}$ | $HgCI_2$, Hg
#
.
@CI- (Hg2CI2, Hg
CI- (AGCI, Ag
Red, Ox, H+ (Pt
Ag+ (Ag
H+ (. (HCI (AGCI, Ag
#
. V ?
@ F
S
G
U
#
. ?
@
#
. ?
@
#
. ?
@
#
- . ?
@
-
#
. ?
@
-
-
-
#
, . ?
@
#
. . : _
|
|
@1
2
3
4
6
#
, . , :
@CH3CH2OH + NaCl (
CH3CH2OH + SOCl2 (
CH3CH2OH + PBr3 (
CH3CH2OH + HI (
CH3CH2OH + PCl5 (
#
, . , . :
@
#
. :
@
_
_
_
#
( ( - BiONO3, Bi(NO3) 3 :
@H2O
HCl
HNO3
Cl2
SnCl2
#
, - . .
@
#
, , , .
@
#
, 1 . , , - , , 8 , , . ..
@Aronia melanocarpa
Crategus sanguinea
Sorbus aucuparia
Pyrus communis
Pyrus spinosa
#
. , , -, . .
@Aesculus hippocastanum
Papaver somniferum
Datura stramonium
Plantago major
Hipericum perforatum
#
, , :
@
#
:
@
#
. ?
@
#
1 , , , . , :
@
#
AgCl Hg2Cl2. AgCl Hg22+:
@ NH4OH
NAOH
NH4CH3CO
KOH
NaCH3COO
#
. NaAsO2 :
@
#
. - :
@
#
0,1 KMnO4. , :
@ Na2C2O4, H2C2O4
K2CO3, CH3COOH
CH3COOK, H2C2O4
KHC2O4, HCOOH
Na2C2O4, CH3COOH
#
. - , :
|
|
@
#
. :
@ Rf
A
D
N
$\Lambda$
#
. :
@
#
. , H2O2, :
@O2
H2
H2O
NAOH
Na2O2
#
( ( . :
@N2O
NO
N2O3
NO2
N2O5
#
. ?
@
#
. , .
@HBsA
HBeA
HBcA
HBcA bsa
HeA HBcA
#
. :
@C-
#
. ?
@
#
. .
@ -
-
-
#
. ?
@
#
(). , , ?
@
#
. ?
@ ($\beta$-)
($\alpha$-)
#
3\% .
@
#
, (). ?
@
#
, . :
@
#
. (+)?
@
1
2
#
. :
@ -6-
-1-
-5-
-2-
-3-
#
. - :
@
#
. , ?
@
#
. ?
@
#
. ?
@
#
. :
@
#
, . ?
@
#
. ?