In 1973 the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) initiated a research program to investigate techniques and technologies for interlinking packet networks of various kinds. The objective was to develop communication protocols which would allow networked computers to communicate transparently across multiple, linked packet networks. This was called the Internetting project and the system of networks which emerged from the research was known as the "Internet" (Intercontinental Network).
During the course of its evolution, particularly after 1989, the Internet system began to intergrate support for other protocol suites into its basic networking fabric. By the end of 1991 the Internet has grown to include some 5000 networks in over three dozen countries, serving over 700,000 host computers used by over 4,000,000 people.
The bulk of the system today is made up of private networking facilities In education and research institutions, business and in government organizations across the globe.
A secretariat has been created to manage the day-to-day function of the Internet Activities Board (IAB) and Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). IETF meets three times a year
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in plenary and in approximately 50 working groups convene at intermediate times by electronic mail, teleconferencing and at face-to-face meetings.
There are a number of Network Information Centres (NICs) located throughout the Internet to serve its users with documentation, guidance, advice and assistance. As the Internet continues to grow internationally, the need for high quality NIC functions increases. Although the initial community of users of the Internet were drawn from the ranks of computer science and engineering its users now comprise a wide range of disciplines in the sciences, arts, letters, business, military and government administration.
ENJOY YOURSELF
Quiz-game "Do you know more about computers"? (Divide into two groups and give answers to even (1 gr.) and odd (2 gr.)
question numbers.)
cl*. 1. What are the main functional units of a digital computer?
2. What types of storage do you know?
3. What is a binary number system?
4. What is storage media?
5. How is storage capacity measured (in what units)?
6. What do you know of electronic memories?
7. What can you say about electromechanical memories?
8. How do you understand the term "access time"?
9. What is RAM/ROM?
10. What storage devices do you know?
11. What is the function of the CPU?
12. What two functional units does the CPU consist of?
13. What components does control unit include?
14. What devices has the arithmetic-logical unit?
15. What is the ALU function?
16. What is the function of CU?
17. What is the heart (brain) of a microprocessor?
163
18. What is the purpose of input devices?
19. How do you understand the term "input-output environ
ment"?
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20. What groups can I/O devices be classified according to
their speed?
21. Name devices used for inputting information.
22. What is touch pad?
23. What is a scanner used for?
24. What types of printers do you know?
25. When did the first personal computer appear?
26. What differs PC from large computer systems?
27. What is a personal computer?
28. What are the main spheres of PC applications?
29. What professions are in great need of computers?
30. What is modem and what is it used for?
31. What is programming?
32. What is a program?
33. What techniques for planning the program logic do you
know?
34. What do you understand by pseudocode?
35. What is a code?
36. What is the foundation of any programming language?
37. What programming languages do you know?
38. What is FORTRAN used for? Decode it.
39. What does COBOL serve for? Decode it.
40. What is WWW?
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. 164
. Lexical games
Fill in the squares with nouns upon the models
165
Crossword 2
Horizontally
1. Discovery; producing smth. new. 2. Syn. to scale; e.g. large scale of integration. 3. A type of a plotter. 4. A flexible disk. 5. Softness, capability to changing; ant. to rigidness. 6. One of the elementary arithmetic actions. 7 A point used as a symbol of multiplication. 8. A crystal, semiconductor body in which an integrated circuit is formed. 9. The process of preparing a set of coded instructions, enabling the computer to solve specific
problems. 10. An..... jet printer. 11. A means of coding data
by punching..... into cards. 12. Gain or benefit; a favourable
position, superiority. 13. One of the means of storing information. 14. A computer program that translates a low-level programming language into machine language. 15. Electronic or mechanical equipment, that uses cassettes, disks, etc. 16. A device, block, element. 17. A unit of information. 18. A cylinder on which smth. is rolled up. 19. Information resulting from computer processing, that is delivered to a user; one of the main units of a computer. 20. Postal system; electronic post. 21. Means of interacting between two systems. 22. One of the three major
uses of visual display terminals, e.g. a light...... 23. Syn. to
advancement.
Vertically
1. Diversity, great number of smth. 2. Supplies, furnishing, apparatus things needed for some purpose. 3. Syn. to information. 4. A predetermined set of instructions for solving a spe-
. 166
cific problem in a manner of steps. 5. \felocity, quick motion. 6. One of the elementary arithmetic actions. 7. Syn. to definition. 8. A handbook of facts, instructions for use as a guide, reference or the like. 9. Any form of play; amusement by means of a computer. 10. Abobbin of magnetic tape on which the collected data are stored. 11. A basic unit of storage in a memory, consisting of a number of bits. 12. A movable indicator light on a computer video screen. 13. A character, sign, letter, number. 14. Basis, foundation. 15. A counting board, a frame with beads on wires for doing or teaching arithmetics. 16. Intelligence, mental ability. 17. A person who makes use of a computer. 18. A container; a screened window. 19. Status, position, conditions. 20. Syn. to purpose.
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-
A
abacus
ability ,
abolish ,
acceptable
access , ; ,
~ time
database ~
sequential ~ accessible accessories
accessory equipment accomplish , accomplishment ; according
~ to
accordingly , account , , (); ,
take into ~ , accumulate (), , accumulator ; ;
accuracy ; ; accurate , achieve , achievement , acquire , acquirement , act , action , ,
put into - activity
adapt (); (); ) adapter add ,
. 168
added ,
adder , ()
addition ,
in ~ to ; address ; ; ; adequate ; ; ;
adjacent ■ ; ; adjust ; adjuster
adjustment ; ; ; ;
advance (); in -
advanced ; ; ()
advancement ; ;
advantage ;
advice ;
advise ; ;
adviser ;
affect ;
agree ; ()
agreement
aid ;
aids ;
aim ; ,
algorithm
align ,
allocate ; ; ()
allocation ; ;
allow ;
- for ;
allowable
alter ()() alteration ; amend ; amendment ;
amount ; ; ; ; , ~ of damage
- of memory
169 -
- of time
proper -
amplification amplifier amplify () analog ; analog-digital - analyst ; () appear ; ; appearance ; appliance ;
application ; ; ; ; () applied apply (); ;
approach ; ; ; ,
top-down -
comprehensive ~
educational ~
general -
graphic -
self-study -
step-by-step ~
training -
trial-and-error - ; appropriate ; ; ;
arclitect architecture ;
communications -
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computer -
disk -
instruction set -
network -
security ~
software ~ arrange ; ; ;
- icons
arrangement ; ; ;
array ; ; ; ,
. 170
assemble ; ; ; assembler
assembly ; ; ; ; ; associate ; ;
associated (); ; ; - documentation
association ; ;
assurance ;
assure ■ ;
attach (); (); ()
attachment ; ; (.)
attain
attempt ;
attitude ; ;
avail ; ; ;
availability ; ;
available ; ( );
have - , when - widely -
average
avoid ; ; ;
aware ;
awareness ;
background ; , ; ; ; ()
bar ; ;
base ; ; ; data ~
information - knowledge ~ user ~
based
batch ;
- processing
benefit ; ; ; ;
171 -
bias ;
binary
~ coded
bit ;
board ; ; chip - circuit - key - switch -
bootstrapping
branch ; ; ; ;
break ; ; ; ; (); ( )
- into , ( )
breakdown ; brief ; in * ; bring ();
- into ;
~ into action
- out ;
browse
browsing
buffer ;
bug ; ;
data ~
loop -
security - bug-free bug-test builder ; ; building ; ; ; burden ; ; ; bus ; ; ( );
control -
data -
input ~
input-output - -
memory - () button ; browse -
cancel -
emergency -
. 172
exit ~
reset ~
start *
byte ;
cache ; (); ; calculate ;
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calculating device calibrate ; ; call ; ; ; ; call for ; cancel ; ; ; capability ; capacitor
capacity ; ; ; media -
capture (); ; ( )
card ; ;
cardfile
carrier ; ;
carry ;
- out ()
cartridge ;
cathode-ray tube
cause ; ; ; ;
cell ;
chain ; ;
challenge ; ;
change ; ; (); ()
character ; ; ~
chart ; ; ; ; ;
bar - dot - line - pie ~ /
check ; ;
checkout ; ;
173 -
chip ; choose
circuit ; ; circuitry ()
clear ; ; ; ; ; code ; ; ; coding column ; ; communicate (); communication ; ; comparative compare ; ; comparer / comparator ; compatibility compiler
complete ; ; ; ;
completely ; computation ; compute ; computer ;
advanced -
all-purpose ~
analog ~
digital -
first-generation -
general-purpose -
handheld -
IBM- compatible ~ -
mobile - /
notebook -
personal ~ [PC]
portable ~
~ mail concept ; ; condition ; ; confirm confirmation
delivery - connect ; ; connection ; ; ; consider ; ; ;
. 174
considerable ; considerably consume ; consumer ; consumption ;
power ~ content ; contrast ;
as -ed with
in - ;
contribute ; ; contribution ; control ; ; ;
access -
device -
distance -
error -
inventory - ;
- panel
~ unit convenience ; convenient ; conversion convert converter ; convey ; conveying () ; ; core ; ; ; correct ; ; ; ; correction ; ();
corrective
corrector ;
corrupt ; ; ;
corrupted ;
corruption ; ; ;
data - cost ;
cost-effective ; count ; ; ; ; counter ;
175 -
binary - character ~
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data - ()
instruction -
pulse -
sequence -
software -
storage -
time-out - create ; creation ; curriculum cycle ; ; ;
D
damage ; data ;
application -
approximate ~
available -
bad - ()
calculation
check -
help ~
missing - ()
source ~ database ; deal ; dealer ; debug () debugger debugging ; decide ; decision decode decoder
decrease ; ; ; default ; ; ;
deficiency ; ; define ; definition ;
. 176
degree ; ;
- of compatibility
- of protection
- of security
delay ; ; ;
delete ; ;
deleter
deletion ;
delivery ; ;
demagnetize
demand ; ; ;
density
data ~
drive -
packing -
storage - depend (-) dependence dependent ; depending deposit ; depository ;
design ; ; ; detail ;
in ~ ; detect ; detection ;
error -
failure - ; detector ; ; device ; ; ;
accounting -
alarm -
clock * ;
computing - ;
control -
drawing ~
encoding -
incompatible -
measuring -
- ;
plotting ~
177 -
printing -
recording -
sensing - ;
switching ~ devise ; digit ; ();
binary -
binary-coded ~
check -
information -
input -
significant - digital digitally digit-by(to)-digit digitize digitizer - ;
; dimension ;
direct ; ; ; direction ; ;
backward ~
clockwise -
counterclockwise -
data ~
forward -
inverse / reverse -
printing ~
transmission ~ directory ; ; (); disadvantage ; disagreement ; ; disappear ;
discharge ; , () disclose ; disconnect ; ; discount ; ; discover ; discovery ; discrete ; disintegrate ();
disk
blank ~
. 178
flexible -
floppy - , -
hard -
~ capacity displace ;
display ; () distortion distribute ;
distributed ; ;
distribution ; distributor ; diversity ; dot ;
download ; ; ()
drive ; ;
disk -
magnetic-tape - driver ;
print -
software ~ due to ; -;
dump ; ; ; ; duplication ; duplicator
edit ;
editor ;
effect ; ; ;
efficiency ;
effort ;
eject ; ; (); ;
elaborate ; elaboration ; eliminable
eliminate ; ; ; elimination ; e-mail
179 -
e-mailing () embrace ;
emergency ; ; emit ; ; ; () emphasize ;
enable ; ; ; encapsulate ; ; ( ) encoder ; ; engine ; ensure ; enter ; ; entire ; ; entirely ; entry ; ; emmerate enumeration ;
environment ; ; ();
application -
communications -
computing -
execution -
external -
hardware -
management - /
network -
processing -
security - ;
software -
user -
equal ;
equality
equation ;
equip ;
equipment ; ; ; ()
erase ; erasing ; ; error ;
access -
coding -
common -
connection ~
. 180
operating - - outstanding ~ permissible -
processing - ;
startup - time-out ~ - unrecoverable - * handling ~ trapping
error-free
error-prone
essential ; ; ;
event ; ;
examination ; ; ;
examine ;
except for
exchange ;
execute ;
execution ;
executive ; ;
exit ;
expand (); ; ()
expansion ; ;
experience ; ; ()
exponentiation
extend ;
extension ; ; ;
extract ;
extraction ; ;
extremely ; ;
F
fabricate
fabrication
facility ; ;
facilities ; ; ; communication ~
181 -
database ~ () display ~ () / management ~
fail ; ; ; ; ;
failure ; ; ; ; ;
fault ; ; ; ; ;
assembly ~ data - design - device ~ latent - random - /
feasibility ; ;
feasible ; ; '
feature ; ; ;
feed ; ; (); ()
feedback
field ; ; ; ()
figure ; ; ;
figure out ;
file ; batch ~ common ~ data - / help ~ input ~ output ~ user - - recovery
firmware
flexibility ; ; ;
flexible ; ; ;
floppy ;
flow (); ;
flowcharting -
font ; alpha-numeric ~ default - , ;
. 182
plotter - print / type -
force ; ; ; ; , ( )
fraction ; ;
frame (); ; ;
framework ; ; ; ; ;
fraud ;
frequency
fulfill ; ;
fulfillment ; ;
fundamental ; ; ;
furnish ;
G
gadget ;
gain ; ; ; ;
gather ()
general ; ;
generate ; ;
generation ; ; ;
give back
give out ;
give up ( ); ;
grade ; ; ; ; ;
grading ; ; grapher graphic(al)
- plotting tables graphics
groundwork ; I
guard ; ; guidance ; ( ); guide ; ;
installation - ()
on-line -
programming ~
183 -
reference - software - troubleshooting ~ user's -
habit ; ;
computing ~s
handling ; ; data - fault / error -
hand-operated
hand-printed
hang (up) ;
hardware ; ; /
by - computer - device - display - expansion ~ support ~
harm ; ;
harmful
harmless ( )
heading
healthy ; ( ); -
help ; ;
hereafter ;
hereby ;
hierarchy
high-capacity
high-density
high-fidelity (Hi-fi)
high-frequency
high-level
high-quality
high-reliable
hold ; ()
hole ; ; access ~
. 184
connector ~ home ; hook
hook-up ; () human-oriented hurt ; ; ; ; hypertext
I
icon ; ;
identifier ; ;
identify ; ; ()
ignorance
ignorant ;
imbed ; ;
immunity ;
implement ;
implementation ; ; ;
implementor ;
improper ; ; ;
improve ; ()
improvement ; ; ()
inaccurate ;
inadequate ; ;
incapable
include ;
incompatible
inconsiderable
incorporate ; ; ;
increase ; ; ;
independent
inferior ; ( )
influence ; ; ;
initial ;
initially ;
inject ;
injection ;
185 -
injury ;
ink-jet ( )
innovate ;
innovation ; ;
innovative ;
input ; ; ; character ~ command - data - ; disk - () keyboard - system -
input/output -
inquiry ;
install ;
installation ; ; ; ;
interface ; ; ; )
common - data ~ database - () external - flexible - / floppy-disk - general-purpose ~ software/hardware - -
interprete ;
interpreter ;
interrupt ;
intricate ;
invade ;
invalid ; ; ;
invalidate ;
invalidity ; ;
invasion ;
investigate ;
investigation
invisible ;
involve ; ;
irregular ; ;
irrelative ; ;
. 186
irreplaceable - ; issue ; ; ; (); item ;
J
jack
jam ;
job ; ;
join ;
joystick ( )
junction ;
justification (); ;
justify ; ; ;
key ; ;
break -
control <Ctri> -
delete -
end ~
enter ~
erase -
escape -
home -
insert -
page-down -
page up ~
pause ~ ()
reset -
shift - keyboard ; kind ;
know-bow ; ; ; ; . -
knowledge ;
be common -
programming - knowledgeable ;
187 -
L
lack ; lagging ; language
all-purpose / general-purpose * artificial - assembler -
business-oriented - ()
compiler - data ~ database - high-level - low-level - modelling / simulation - programming / development ~ launch (); layout ; lead [led]
learn-on-Iine letter ; level ; access ~ data ~ device - error - hardware - input ~ output ~ performance - presentation ~ protection / security - / software - transmission - lifetime 1 ; ; ; link ; ; ; list ; ;
listing ; ; literacy literate load ; () loading ; ;
. 188
locate ;
location ;
logic ; ; processing - program ~
loop ; ; ;
looping logic ()
loss ~ ;
~ of performance /
- of productivity data - lower ;
~ manufacturing
magnetize
mail ()
main ;
maintain ; ;
malfunction ; ; ; ;
manage ;
management ; ; data - database ~ error - software ~ task -
manipulate ; ;
manipulation ; ; ;
manipulator
manual ; ; ; help - operation - manufacture ; ; manufacturer ; ; mark ; ; ; ; ; match ; ; ;
189 -
mean ;
meaning ;
means ;
measure ; ;
measurement ;
medium (pi media) ; ; ; ; data -
input ~ ; () output - ; portable / removable -
meet (); ; ~ the demands /requirements ,
memory ; additional - core - extended - external - high-capacity - internal ~ main ~
random-access - (RAM) ()
read-only - (ROM) () secondary ~
merge ; ; (); ()
message ; ;
meter ; ;
metering
mode ; ;
free-running - operating ~ programming - read-only -
modification ; ; ;
modify ; ;
monitor ; ; ; ;
monitoring ; ;
mostly ; ;
mouse
movable ; ;
. 190
move ; ; ;
movement ;
multiple ; ;
multiplication ;
multiply ; ;
mutual ; ;
N
need ; ; ();
network ; ;
- drive noncomparable noncompatible noncomputable noncontrollable notation ; ;
binary ~ notepad number ; ; numeric ; numerous
objective ; ;
observation ;
observe ; ; ()
obtain ;
occur ;
on-board ; ;
ongoing ; ;
on-line ;
onset ;
open ; ;
operand
address -
operate - , ; operation ;
basic *
cancel ~
191 -
computer -
debugging -
error-free ~
exchange ~
input / output ~s - opportunity option ; ; ; optionally ; ; order ; ;
- of execution
- of use
put in -
outline ; ; ; ;
out-of-order
output ; ; ;
bard-copy - ; ,
soft-copy ~ ,
package ; ;
application -
data ~
packaged software password pattern ; ;
- recognition
graphic / light -
perform ; ; ; performance () ; ;
;
application -
computer -
device ~
error -
execution ~ ()
memory - ;
network - processor permit ; permitted pervade ; photocell
. 192
pick ; plotter
plug ; ; ; ; point ; ; ; ; ; in ~ of (-.)
- out ;
pointer ;
potent ; ; power ; ;
- supply
predefined symbols
predict ;
predominant
predominate ;
prepare ;
pressure
prevent ;
prevention ;
primarily ; ;
print ;
- engine
~ head
printer ;
character ~
dot-matrix - -
graphical / image ~
impact "
ink-jet *
laser -
letter-quality -
line (at-a-time) - page (at-a-time) ~ print out ; procedure ; ; ;
accounting -
computational -
control -
error-correcting - /
formatting - /
installation - / ()
solution - process , processing ()
193 -
processor ;
control ~
data ~
error -
general-purpose -
image ~
mail -
message -
numeric -
special-purpose -
text I word ~ program ; ;
access - application - archived * binary -
common - , compatible - debugging ~ educational - free ~ general-purpose ~ high-performance - ,
incompatible -
machine language ~
off-line -
on-line-
processing ~
protected-mode - ,
remote ~
running ~
self-loading -
simulation ~
support ~
utility - watch-dog - programmable programmer programming
~ environment - language prompt ; proof-read ( )
. 194
proof-reader
properly ;
property ; ; pi. ;
propose ;
protect
protection ; /
protector ;
provide ; ; ;
provided , ; , ;
provider ;
provision ; ; pi
pulse
punch ()
punched card -
purpose ; ()
push ;
push-button
Q
quality ; ;
image -
running ~ quantity ; ; ;
absolute -
alternating -
continuous -
digital -
discrete -
input - /
unknown -
variable ~
quit - ( ); ( ) quitting ( )
R
raise ; ; ; ; random ; random-access
~ memory (RAM) range ; ; rate ; ;
195 -
- of change
- of exchange
~ of response
reader
bar-code - - character - / reading ; read-only reason ; ; ; ; reasonable ; receive ; receiver
record ; ; ; recorder / ; data ~ tape - (.) reduce ; ; ; reduction ; ; ; ()
red ;
reference ; ; ; computer ~ hardware - for - in - to make - ; user - without - to referenced ; regardless ; register ; ; ; address - base - cash - clock ~ ; command / Instruction - counter - general-purpose ~ memory / storage - operand - special-purpose - relate ; rebttoa ; ; ; relative
. 194
proof-reader
properly ;
property ; ; pi. ;
propose ;
protect
protection ; /
protector ;
provide ; ; ;
provided , ; , ;
provi
