THE EARTH
The Earth is a planet. It rotates on its axis, revolves around the Sun and moves with the Sun through space. The Earth gets its warm and light from the Sun. All around the Earth is atmosphere. We breathe it. And it gives us our weather. The air is always moving. The movements of the air make our winds. Small drops of water in the air form clouds. And as the clouds move about they bring us rain and snow and storms.
The equatorial diameter of the Earth is 12,756 kilometers. The Earth is like a sphere, but flat at the poles. This makes a difference of only 43 kilometers between the Earths diameter at the equator and the diameter at the poles. The weight of the Earth is the figure 6 followed by 21 zeros if count in tons.
The terrestrial globe revolves on its axis for 24 hours. When the terrestrial globe faces to the Sun, we can see sunlight and we have day. When terrestrial globe turns away from the Suns light, we have night. When our part begins to turn toward the Sun and we see the first sunlight, we call it morning. When we are facing the Sun most directly, it is noon. When the Earth begins to turn away from the Sun, we have afternoon and evening, and night.
The average speed revolution of the Earth round the Sun is 29,8 kilometers per second. The small eccentricity the orbit of the Earth does the little difference in its speed, but there is a difference in the length of the seasons because of this variation. The number of days between the beginning of spring and of autumn, in the northern hemisphere is 186, but the number of days between the beginning of autumn and the beginning of spring is 179.
The Earth takes 365 ¼ days to travel around the Sun. This makes our year. As the Earth travels around, first one pole then the other is tilted towards the Sun. When the North Pole tilts towards the Sun, the rays of the Sun fall straighter down on the northern half of the world. It is warmer and it has its summer (June, July and August). It also has longer days, because it turns to the Sun more of the time. When the South Pole is towards the Sun, the southern half of the world is warmer, and it has its summer (December, January and February). Then the northern half is getting less direct sunshine, because it tilts away from the Sun. It has shorter days. It has winter. The seasons between them we call spring and autumn.
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Vocabulary notes
to breathe -
hemisphere -
to rotate -
axis -
figure 6 -
terrestrial globe-
to revolve - (-). average n -
eccentricity n -
.to tilt-
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
I. Make up 5 questions to the following sentence.
The Earth takes 365¼ to travel around the Sun.
II. Say if it is true or false.
1. The Earth gets its warm and light from space.
2. The terrestrial globe revolves on its axis for 24 hours.
3. The Earth takes 362¼ days to travel around the Sun.
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III. Answer the following questions.
1. What is the Earth?
2. How fast is the Earth?
3. When do we have night and day?
4. How fast does the Earth travel around the Sun?
5. What seasons does the Earth have?
IV. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the Predicates and define the tense forms.
A
1. We have been reading the newspaper for two hours. 2. He has been working at our mill since 1993. 3. By the first of September he will have been working at our mill for 20 years. 4. They had been playing tennis for two hours when we came to the park. 5. How long have your been playing tennis? 6. It had been raining for some days when we started on our expedition. 7. How long had you been speaking English when you entered our Institute?
B
1. He was growing different kinds of fruit. 2. Before the War this work was being looked upon as useless. 3. The question about the new laboratory was been discusses at a special meeting.4. We had been discussing the question for some time, when you came to the meeting. 5. Different kinds of fruit are being grown in Polar zone. 6. By the fifth of March you will have been working in our shop for two years. 7. The work is just being finished. 8. Water containing harmful bacteria is boiled. 9. While the water is boiling all the bacteria die, as they cannot live in the boiling water. While the water is being boiled some of it is becoming steam. 10. Many new houses are built in our city. 11. A big house for the workers of our mill is built not far from the mill. 12. The plan of the building was discussed several times. 13. Last time the plan of the building was discussing for several hours by the best architects of the city. 14. They discussed every detail of the building. 15. While they were discussing it, they changed some details.
V. Put the verbs in brackets in the required tense forms and translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Albert Einstein (to be) born in Germany. When he was 12, he (to begin) his study mathematics and physics. Later he (to continue) his studies at the University. 2. Einstein (to present) his theory of relativity in 1905. His famous equation (to say) that energy (to equal) mass times the square of the speed of light. The great discovery (to surprise) the scientists of the world. 3. The people of our great country (to produce) many geniuses such as Lomonosov, Mendeleev, Lobachevsky and others. Now our country (to have) a great number of brilliant scientists in all fields of science. Scientists (to make) researches in all fields of science of knowledge. 4. Your experiment (not to give) good results until you (to change) the speed of the reaction. 5. Any square (to have) four right angles. 6. The square of two (to be) four.
METERS
One of important things that an engineer should take into consideration is how much. How much current is this circuit carrying? What is value of voltage in the circuit? What is value of resistance? In fact, to measure the current and the voltage is not difficult at all. One should connect an ammeter or a voltmeter to the circuit and read off the amperes and volts.
The ammeter is used to measure the value of current. When the ammeter is used, the circuit should be opened at one point and the terminals of the meter should be connected to it. One should take into consideration that the positive terminal of the meter is connected to the positive terminal of the source, the negative terminal-- to the negative terminal of the source.
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The ammeter should be connected in series. The readings on the scale show the measured value.
Common ammeters for d.c. measurements are the ammeters of the magneto- electric system. In an ammeter of this type an armature coil rotates between the poles of permanent magnet; but the coil turns only through a small angle. The greater is the current in the coil, the greater is the force, and, therefore, the greater is the angle of rotation of the armature. The deflection is measured by means of a pointer connected to the armature and the scale of the meter reads directly in amperes. When the currents to be measured are very small, one should use a galvanometer.
A voltmeter is a device to be used for measuring the potential difference between any two points in a circuit. The voltmeter has armatures that move when an electric current is sent through their coils. The deflection, like that of an ammeter, is proportional to the current flowing through the armature coil.
A voltmeter must have a very high resistance since it passes only very small currents, which will not disturb the rest of the circuit. An ammeter, on the other hand, must have a low resistance, since all the current must pass through it. In actual use the ammeter is placed in series with that part of the circuit where the voltage is to be measured.
In addition to instruments for measuring current and voltage, there are also devices for measuring electric power and energy.
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Vocabulary notes
resistance -
ammeter--
voltmeter -
positive terminal-
deflection -
current -
circuit -
voltage -
coil -
d.c.measurements
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
I. Put different kinds of questions to the text (10).
III. Translate the following sentences with the Predicates in Passive.
1. The operation of a receiving station is influenced by a number of factors. 2 Magnetron is a vacuum tube whose current is affected by a magnetic field. 3. Valve radio sets were followed by the transistor radio sets. 4. The work of Rutherford was followed by great research work of many other scientists. 5. Cosmic radiation is influenced by some phenomena of nature. 6. The properties of these systems were spoken about. 7. New electronic devices are dealt with in this article. 8. The use of colour television is spoken about in the following article. 9. Solar batteries are dealt with in this new textbook.
V. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the tense-
form in Passive.
1. The reading of every indicating instruments are obtained in a minimum of time. 2. The nature of the material determines the ease with which electrons are allowed to pass. 3. The space surrounding a charged body, in which another charged body is acted upon by a force tending to move it, constitutes an electric field. 4. The action of some instruments cannot be much relied upon because of their being not sensitive enough. 5. The choice of the method is highly influenced by the results required. 6. The space surrounding a charged body is called field of force. This electric field may be thought of as consisting of a number of lines of force representing the directions in which the electric force acts. 7. An e.m.f. induced in a stationary electric circuit, by the change in the number of magnetic lines, linking with it, is reffered to as a "staticaly induced" e.m.f. 8. A number of lines of magnetic intensity are spoken of collectively, as "magnetic flux" and the number per square centimetre of cross section as the "flux density".
e.m.f. electromotive force
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VIII. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the tense-form in Passive.
1. It has been estimated that some 8,000 millions of meteors enter our atmosphere each day. 2. In Class A amplifiers the plate current flows at all times, even though no signal is being amplified. 3. The voltage change is brought about by the difference in the number of turns in the two coils. 4. This transmission of heat by the motion of the fluid against a solid is referred to as convection transfer.5. When the rays enter the lens they are bent towards the normal, and when the rays leave the lens, they are bent away from the normal. 6.Radioactive isotopes are also being used successfully for food conservation, for the prevention of sprouting in potatoes and so on.
IX. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the
different functions as, as well.
1. As the chief engineer is here we shall ask him to examine the instrument. 2. As an engineer you must know all the working processes of your department. 3. Years and decades go by but A.S.Pyshkin is as popular as ever among all readers. 4. By means of television we can see as well as listen to programmes as they take place many kilometres away. 5. This young research worker is an expert in physics and in chemistry as well.
X. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the
meaning word as.
as: 1) , 2) , 3) , 4) , 5) , 6) .
1. As the time passed, stone tool were substituted by metal one. 2. There are two kinds of transformations, which are known as physical and chemical changes. 3. The synthetic materials of which the house in made can be relied upon as they are of high quality. 4.Every second the Sun sends into space as much energy as mankind consumed during the whole period of its existence. 5. The outer and inner walls of as the house are as thick as 40 centimetres. 6. At present plastics as well metals are widely used in various branches of industry.
ULTRAVIOLET AND INFRARED
Visible light covers a very small part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Just above and below the visible light range are ultraviolet and infrared light. The "ultra" in ultraviolet tells us that this light lies at frequencies higher than that of violet light lies; and the "infra" in infrared tells us that this light lies at frequencies lower than red.
Ultraviolet has a shorter, and infrared has longer wave lengths than visible light. The radiations were discovered long before anyone thought of electromagnetism. When light was passed through a prism and formed a spectrum on screen, scientists found that heating effect occur beyond the edges of the visible light spectrum.
Ultraviolet radiation produces many effects, some useful and some unpleasant. A certain amount of ultraviolet radiation is good for our health. It helps to form vitamin D in the skin. Ultraviolet light also kills microbes, and for that reason it is used in hospitals and to sterilize food.
Direct ultraviolet radiation is very bad for the eyes. This is one reason why it is dangerous to look directly at the sun. On the other hand, the human eye is quite capable of dealing with normal doses of scattered ultraviolet light.
Infrared energy is being used in automatic regulation of chemical and biological processes, temperature measurement and control during manufacture of textiles, plastics and metals. New applications are appearing in navigation and aviation, weather research numerous scientific projects.
Other applications for infrared are found in photography aerial mapping, communications and control techniques.
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Infrared energy is in use all around us. Infrared techniques are of great value in many industrial applications and are considered indispensable in many others. The possibilities of its application appear to be limited only by the imagination and skill of the user.
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Vocabulary notes.
electromagnetic spectrum
radiation -,
scattered ultraviolet light-
photography aerial mapping-
indispensable-
infrared - ()
edge -
to be capable of dealing -
frequency -
application -
to appear -
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
I. Answer the following questions.
1. What part of electromagnetic spectrum does visible light cover?
2. What kinds of effects does ultraviolet radiation produce?
3. Infrared has longer wave lengths than visible light, doesnt it?
4. Is direct ultraviolet radiation very bad for the eyes?
5. What is being used in temperature measurement and control during manufacture of metals?
II. Find in the text the derivatives to the following words.
to measure, to use, danger(n), industry(n), to please, to apply, science(n), to imagine.
IV. Translate the following sentences and explain the using of
the Modal Verbs.
1. Can you tell the time? 2. Can you speak English? 3. You can take this picture if you like it. 4. He can hardly have meant that. 5. He was not able to get there in time. 6.1 shall be able to come on Saturday. 7. May I ask a question? 8. May I trouble you to explain me this problem? 9. Maybe he will help you. 10.1 put on my raincoat because I thought it might rain. 11. Smoking is not allowed here. 12. I am afraid the teacher will not allow me to rewrite the composition. 13.I must get up early every day. 14. He must be ill. 15. He must be somewhere here. 16. To make the air hot enough the Diesel engine has to use higher pressure than the petrol engine.
VI. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the meaning words before, after.
1. Before discovery of the structure of atomic nuclei, it was thought that there existed two general types of forces explaining all natural phenomena: electrical and gravitational forces. 2. The word 'helium" come from the Greek word "sun" because element was discovered in the sun before it was discovered on the earth. 3. After it became clear that some mistake had been made in the calculation, the experiment was stopped. 4. After a period of discharge the battery can be restored to its original condition by supplying energy to it from an outside source. 5. For days or weeks after the reactor has been turned off, the radiation intensity is so great inside that repairs there are never attempted.
2. VII. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the meaning words before, after.
1. After another stage of the amplification the current is strong enough to operate the powerful loudspeaker. 2. After the blast furnace the molten iron is poured into the conductor. 3. After the nuclei have been broken up because of instability they give rise to heat. 4. Starting from zero, alternating current grows in one direction, reaches a maximum, decreases to zero, after which it rises in the opposite direction, reaches a maximum, again decreases to zero. 5. The direction of the air, after it leaves a symmetrical body, is the same as before it struck the body. 6 After all the ice has been melted, the temperature will again begin rising.
RADAR
Electromagnetic waves is the super high frequency range, that is waves of between about 1 and 10 centimeters in length, are reflected by large solid object in much the same manner as light. They are however, able to travel greater distances than light in the Earth's atmosphere, because they are not reflected or diffused by small dust particles in the atmosphere. If, therefore, a transmitter sends out a beam of these waves, an adjacent receiver can be make to pick up any of the beam that is reflected back by a large solid object. In this way distant object that are not visible by light can be located. By suitable scanning arrangements, the position and shape' of the object can be outlined on a cathode ray tube. Thus, electromagnetic waves of these frequencies, which are called radar frequencies, provide a method of "seeing" in the dark or in the fog.
IX. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the translation "should, would, could, might + Infinitive ".
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1. Without electronic equipment space flights would be impossible. 2. It is required that natural piezo (pai'izou) electric crystals of quartz should be used in radio broadcasting transmitters. 3. Without quantum electronics these instruments could not be developed. 4. Modern complex controls can perform functions which man would not be able to carry out. 5. The engineer suggested this photographic cell should be used for measuring temperature. 6. Everything might have been solved long ago.
SOURCES OF POWER
The industrial progress of mankind is based on power; power for industrial plants, machines, heating and lighting system, transport. In fact, one can hardly find a sphere where power is not required.
At present most of the power required of obtained mainly, from two sources. One is from burning of fossil fuel, i.e. coal, natural gas and oil, for producing heat that will operate internal- and external-combustion engines. Many of these engines will actuate Generators, which produce electricity. The second way of producing electricity is by means of generators that get their power from steam of water turbines. Electricity so produced then flows through transmission lines to houses, industrial plants, enterprises, etc.
It should be noted, however, that the generation of electricity by these conventional processes is highly uneconomic. Actually, only about 40 per cent of heat in the fuel is converted into electricity. Besides, the world resources of fossil fuels are not everlasting. On theother hand, the power produced plants, even if increased many times, will be able to provide for only a hydroelectric small fraction of the power required in near future.
Therefore much effort and thought are being given to other means of generating electricity.
One is the energy of hot water. Not long ago we began utilizing hot underground water for heating and hot water supply, and in some cases, for the generation of electric power.
Another promising field for the production of electricity is the use of ocean tides.
The energy of the Sun, which is being used in various ways, represents a practically unlimited source.
Using atomic fuel for the production of electricity is highly promising. It is a well-known fact, that one pound of uranium contains as much energy as there million pounds of coal, such cheap power can be provided wherever it is required. However, the efficiency reached in generating power from atomic fuel is not high, namely 40 per cent.
No wonder, therefore, that scientists all over the world are doing their best to find more efficient ways of generating electricity directly from the fuel (without using intermediate cycles). They already succeeded developing some processes, which are much more efficient, as high as 80 per cent, and in creating a number of devices capable of giving a higher efficiency. Scientists are hard at work trying to solve all these and many other problems.
Vocabulary notes fossil fuels
i. e.(id est)
internal- and external-combustion engines .on the other hand
hydroelectric plant
tide
to do one's best
source
to require
steam
to convert
efficient -
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
I. Say if it is true or false.
1.The industrial progress of mankind is based on peoples knowledge.
2. About 60 per cent of heat in the fuel is converted into electricity.3. The only source of power is from burning of fossil fuels.4. One pound of uranium contains as much energy as there million pounds of coal.
V. Translate the following sentences into Russian.
1. Before installing of new equipment the engineers were to test its performance. 2. Due to the application of powerful of relays we shall be able to televise programmes to vast territories. 3. To improve the operation of that system some tubes are to be replaced.4. According to the design the instrument cabin of a spaceship is to house various transmitters, power sources and other equipment.5.The pilots had to maintain direct radio contact between the planes.6.The students were allowed to examine numerous devices installed in the laboratory. 7. The engineers have to investigate the possibilities of improving radio contact in that locality. 8. To provide the required data, a satellite has to be equipped with a transmitter containing a very stable oscillator.
VI. Translate and change the following sentences into the Passive Voice.
Pattern: We must purify the solution.
The solution must be purified.
1. We must dilute the acid. 2. We must wash the preparation. 3. We must destroy the structure of this molecule. 4. We must treat the material with alcohol. 5. We must subject the material to special treatment. 6. We must expose the substance to radiation. 7. We must control the process. 8. We must regulate the temperature conditions. 9. We must alter the experimental conditions. 10. We must slow this reaction.
VII. Translate and put the following sentences into the Passive Voice.
Pattern: Other factors may affect the process.
The process may be affect by other factors.
1. This radiation dose may damage the cells. 2. This substance may catalyze for process. 3. The environmental factors may bring about such changes. 4. These conditions may affect the course of the reaction. 5. The structural changes may produce a marked effect. 6. This defect may account for the discrepancy in the results. 7. These organelles may accumulate energy. 8 This mechanism may involve an unknown factor. 9. Ultraviolet radiation may produce ionization.
VIII. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the different functions "since ".
1. Since the distance of the electrons from the nucleus is about a hundred thousands times as large as the diameter of the nucleus, most of the atom consists of empty space. 2. Since the end of World War II there has been a rapid development of jet engines. 3. Since the first rocket appeared many changes has taken place in this field of science. 4. Since the jet engine is a powerful source of energy, it is widely used for machines flying at supersonic speed. 5. A few elementary substances such as gold, silver, cuprum have been known since old times. 6. About 100 years passed since the day when radio was discovered.
SOLAR POWER
The Sun's energy manifests itself as thermal, photoelectric and photochemical effects. Men have tried to use solar energy since earliest times, but no means existed to generate useful power from the Sun's heat until steam and hot-air engines were invented.
Grude devices for heating water by solar energy date back many years, and production of salt by solar evaporation of sea water is probably the most ancient of man's sun-activated processes. Photoelectricity has been known for almost a century, and millions of selenium photocells have been used as light meters and in similar application.
Most fundamental of all thermal solar processes is the simple fact that, when sunlight falls upon a surface of any kind, the surface becomes warmer than the surrounding air. The extent rise of the surface temperature depends upon many factors. The most important
0f which are the angle between the surface and the sun's rays, the absorptivity of the surface and precautions taken to prevent the surface from losing the absorbed heat.
The angle effect is caused by the fact that the Sun's rays travel in straight lines. When a surface is perpendicular to the rays, their intensity is at its maximum; the surface being horizontal, the radiation intensity drops off and reaches its minimum.
The most effective way to minimize the loss of energy from the heated surface is to cover it with one or more sheets of a glass-like material. This material is transparent to the Sun's rays but opaque to the longer wave length emitted by the warmed surface. The air space between the surface and the glass is an effective prevention of heat loss by convection.
A flat plate of blackened metal covered with one or more transparent sheets of glass or plastic is known to be the simplest collector of solar energy. Once collected, heat can be used in a variety of ways. Here are some of the potential and actual applications.
Space heating is probably the most important, since nearly one-third of our energy supply is used for this purpose. Water heating can be achieved by portable solar heaters, which are able to give as much as 400 litres of boiling water on a sunny day.
The distillation of sea's water is another process to be accomplished by variations of the simple plate collector. The production of temperatures low enough for air conditioning and domestic refrigeration is a very important potential use of solar energy which is only now beginning to receive the attention it deserves.
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Vocabulary notes
grude device-
photoelectricity -
extent - ,
absorptivity -
precaution -
to drop off - ,
opaque - ()
to emit - ,
prevention -
convection -
portable solar heater-
distillation -
to deserve - ,
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
IV. Pay attention to the translation of the verb "must, may +Perfect
Infinitive ". Change them according to the patterns.
Pattern A: This scientist must have visited various countries, ( , )
Pattern : This scientist may have visited various countries, ( )
1. Your assistant must have brought the journal you wanted, to look through. 2. This student is late, he may have missed the train. 3. Your friend must have forgotten her promise. 4. These students must have written their precis already. 5. The stone, which drew iron to it, must have been magnetized. 6. They said that the first telescope can have been invented by a Dutch worker. 7. He must have forgotten to bring the journal I asked for. 8. He may have forgotten the journal in the library. 9. The motor must have been repaired properly.10.This post-graduate must have passed the exam on his speciality.11.That post-graduate may have passed the exam on his speciality.
V. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the meanings of the Modal Verbs with the Perfect Infinitive.
1. The experiment must have been done in a wrong way because of the data obtained being in contradiction with Lenz's law. 2. The voltage may have been too high, the insulation being broken down. 3. The friction between the wax and the flannel must have rubbed off some electrons of the flannel molecules and left them on the surface of the wax. 4. The operator should have test the trouble caused due to the conductor being overheated. 5. This magnetized body may have exerted some attractive or repulsive force on the other one. The alpha-grains must have formed during the 30-sec cooling required to reach temperature below which diffusion was negligible. 7. get better results another method ought to have been applied. 8. It must have been known for centuries that a colored glass is cooler than a colorless glass.
VIII. Put the following sentences into the Passive Voice.
Pattern: They must have overlooked this possibility.
This possibility must have been overlooked.
1. They must have underestimated the result. 2. They should have] extended the conception to include this case too. 3. They may have] disregarded smaller defects. 4. They may have postponed the further work. 5. They must have overestimated the potentialities of this] technique. 6. They could have reorganized the physics department long ago. 7. They must have violated the conservation law. 8. They might have neglected smaller errors. 9. They should have included other works in the review. 10. They could have estimated this contribution more precisely.
IX. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the Modal Verbs and their equivalents.
1. He is to go to the Far East on business. 2. When are we to visit the laboratories of the institute? 3. He has to investigate a series of accidents that occurred in the locality for a period of three months. 4. We had to find a safe place for the pictures. 5. I shall have to take a local train. 6. You should follow all the important scientific researches in your field. 7. He was allowed to use the mobile equipment. 8. You f needn't keep your activities in secret. 9. You can see this old film in one cinema only. 10. The laboratory was to make important scientific experiments in a very short time. 11. The talks were to be attended by the representatives of the 15 European countries. 12. We shall be able to see number of Chaplin's films in September.
XII. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the different meanings: " because , ", " because of , , - ".
1. Because our sense of temperature is not very reliable temperature measurements of our body must be made with accurate thermometers. 2. The energy, which an object has its motion because is called kinetic energy. 3. Because of the relative complexity of plasma accelerator configurations, experiments are needed to determine the design of suitable plasma drive devices. 4. The problem of power generation from fusion reactors is very difficult because of the difficulty of containing plasma. 5. Because the neutron is neutral the positive charge on the nucleus does not affect it.
GOLD LIGHTS
We receive natural light from the Sun, whose surface is heated to a temperature of 10,832 F. But visible light may be radiated by cold as well as by hot bodies.
Substances that transform a energy into light without becoming heat, are called luminofores, and the light they radiate luminescence. There are many substances in nature that are capable of absorbing invisible ultraviolet rays and turning them into visible light. Luminescence can also arise from the energy created by fast-moving electric charges.
There exist two forms of luminofores. In one case the molecules themselves have the ability of transforming absorbed energy into visible light. This group includes certain components of oil, and many dyes and chemical compounds. The second group is made up inorganic crystallized substances called phosphors including very small quantities of other substances.
Luminofores are widely used in modern technique, in particular in the production of luminescence lamps a common feature of everyday life. Luminescent lamps are made by coating the interior glass tubes with a film of luminofore, the tubes being filled with mercury vapours and argon and charged with electricity. The electric charge causes an invisible ultraviolet radiation from the mercury vapours while the luminofore on the inside of the tub" absorbs rays and transforms them into powerful visible light. By using various luminofores one can make lamps of any colour.
Luminescence is also used in television, a luminous screen being an important part of television picture tubes. Luminofores enable as also to discover and observe such radiations as ultrared, ultraviolet, x-ray, and alpha that are invisible to the eye as well as fast-moving elementary particles, produced by radioactive disintegration or artificial transformation of the atomic nucleus.
The radiation produced under the influence of elementary particles plays an important part in the study of atomic problems. Various substances giving off radiations of specific spectral composition are used for making all kinds of analyses in biology, medicine, industry and agriculture. By observing the radiation of biological compounds one can detect various diseases and trace their development.
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Vocabulary notes
luminofore -
luminescence n
mercury vapours and argon-
picture tube -
disintegration - ,
substance -
charge -
dye -
9. film of luminofore -
10. artificial -
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
II. Answer the questions.
1. What substances are called luminofores?
2. How many forms of luminofores exist?
3. Where are luminofores used?
4. How can anyone make lamps of any colour?
5. Luminescence is used in television, isnt it?
III. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the Objective Infinitive construction (Complex Object).
1. The engineers consider the cyclotron to be the simplest and oldest type of accelerator. 2. We believe electrons in a synchrotron to travel on a circular orbit inside a narrow vacuum vessel. 3. The designers may expect the electrons to be injected into the vessel from a smaller linear accelerator. 4. They supposed the greater part of energy to be used for supplying plants in that region. 5. We saw the dimension of the body change under different temperature conditions. 6. Any student must know a voltmeter to be used for measuring the potential difference between any two points in a circuit. 7. Engineers think these cables to disturb the reception. 8. We thought these superconductive materials to be produced in Kiev. 9. The designers assume the system operation to be improved as a result of replacing some of its parts.
V. While translating indicate those sentences in which the Complex Object is used.
1.This is quite the wrong view to take. 2. Assume the base of the column to be furnished with angles on the flanges. 3. Rollers not only cause a reaction to act at right angles to the supporting surface but also serve the purpose of allowing structures to expand and contract with changes in temperature. 4. The foreman has to caution his men to be more careful, and he must watch them to see that they are more careful. 5. Outside and in, the modern store must offer an invitation to the passerby to enter and to spend.
VI. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the Complex Object.
1. He considers this device to be made on semiconductors. 2. The engineers wanted this phenomenon to be investigated in their laboratory. 3. Scientists expect microminiaturization to be widely used in future. 4. We know scientists to study this problem. 5. We believe them to investigate this phenomenon. 6. Every student knows two kinds of electric charges to exist. 7. The teacher expected him to make this experiment successfully. 8. M. Curie found the atomic weight of radium to be 226. 9. Maxwell found the speed of propagation of electromagnetic waves to be equal to the ratio f electromagnetic to the electrostatic of charge. 10. The engineers have shown this substance is unique in its properties. 11. We consider nuclear energy to be the prime source of heat energy. 12. The workers expect the designer to improve the operation of these receivers.
VII. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the functions " to have, to be ".
1. All modem direct-current dynamos have more than two poles. 2. A number of ingenious methods have been devised for observing atomic collisions. 3. In a actual gas not all atoms have the same speed, some travel more slowly and others more rapidly than the average. 4. After bullet has come to rest in the block, both block and bullet have the common velocity V. 5. When aircraft are in flight they have of course from time to time to report their position. 6. The Earth is supposed to have a shape similar to the shape of a ball.
A NEW APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF "GOLD LIGHT"
One of the most interesting and important data of converting one form of energy into another is that of turning power into light. The first and still the most widely used method of generating light which depends upon the phenomenon of incandescence. Another method of considerable practical importance is that of causing radiation by the passage of an electric current through gas or vapour. The third method of converting into light is called electroluminescence.
When certain materials are placed in an electric field under proper conditions, they emit light directly under the influence of the electric field. This constitutes the phenomenon of electroluminescence.
Since this is a direct transformation of electrical energy into light, a new field of study is revealed which offers great possibilities from both theoretical and practical points of view.
Lesson 7
| : Energy and electrons. . for. |
Complex Subject . ; , , ( ).
, , to seem, to appear .
: Noun/Pronoun + + Infinitive.
Complex Subject . : , , , . to .
It is known that sunlight activated various chemical reactions.
Sunlight is known to activate various chemical reactions.
, .
is known . it that .
