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KVIEWING SOME BASIC FACTS ABOUT THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
(- )
| 1. .
(to be, to have.................................... 10
2. .
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3. .
............................................................................ 25
4. . ..................................................................................... 33
LEARNING UNDERSTANDAMEDICALTEXT( )
PART I. Anatomy
Lesson 1. The Skeleton................................................. 44
there is/are. to be. Indefinite (Active Voice).
Lesson 2. The Muscles................................................. 54
Continuous (Active Voice). can, must, may. that (those).
Lesson 3. The Cardiovascular System........................... 63
Perfect (Active Voice). . because, becauseof.
Lesson 4. The Respiratory System......................................................................................................................... 73
Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect (Passive Voice). one (ones). .
Lesson5. TheDigestiveSystem...................................... 83
some, any, no. , . it.
Lesson6. TheUrinarySystem......................................... 91
. . since, as. PART II. PHYSIOLOGY
Lesson7.Blood. Circulation.......................................... 100
I II . . after, before.
Lesson8. Respiration................................................... 110
III . . both, both... and.
Lesson9. Digestion...................................................... 118
.
the...the. due, dueto.
8 ❖ Contents
Lesson10.Nutrition...................................................... 127
. . for.
Lesson 11.The Excretory Organs................................ 136
. as well as, as well
Lesson 12.The Endocrine System............................... 144
. either...or.
Lesson 13.The Nervous System.................................. 153
,ing- .
PART III. MICROBIOLOGY
Lesson 14.Viruses. Bacteria........................................ 160
. shall, will, should, would.
PART IV. PATHOLOGY
Lesson 15.Osteomyelitis. Fractures............................. 168
: Indefinite (Active and Passive Voice).
Lesson 16.Coronary Heart Diseases........................... 175
: Perfect (Active and Passive Voice).
Lesson 17.Respiratory Infections................................. 182
: Continuous (Active and Passive Voice).
Lesson 18.Jaundice. Peptic Ulcer................................ 188
: can, may, must.
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Lesson 19.Kidney Diseases........................................ 195
: .
PART V. ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE
Lesson 20.The Air and Health..................................... 202
:ing-.
Lesson 21.Water Pollution........................................... 209
: .
Lesson 22.Noise Pollution...........................................215
: .
LEARNING DISCUSSMEDICINE( )
The Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy...................... 223
Medical Education in Russia........................................... 230
Health Care in Russia..................................................... 236
Medical Education in the USA......................................... 246
Health Care in the USA.................................................. 254
Medical Education in Great Britain..................................260
Health Service in Great Britain........................................ 267
GRAMMAR SUPPLEMENT ( )
(The Noun)................................ 274
(The Article)...................................................... 275
(The Adjective)............................. 276
(The Numeral).................................. 277
■ - > *.
(The Pronoun)............................................. 278
................................................ 278
11 ................................. 279
....................................... 279
....... 279
................ 280
.................................. 280
(The Verb)........................................................... 282
................................................... 283
....................................... 283
........................ 285
Indefinite Active............................ 285
Continuous Active......................... 288
Perfect Active............................... 288
Perfect Continuous Active............... 290
(ThePassiveVoice)................... 290
to be, to have................................................. 292
there + to be.................................................... 292
....................... 293
................................................ 294
.......................................... 295
(The Participle)............................................. 296
Participle 1.................................................................. 297
Participle II.................................................................. 298
...................................................................................................................... 299
I (The Gerund).................................................. 299
Ing-.................................................................. 300
(The Infinitive).............................................. 302
................................................. 303
................................................ 304
(The Adverb).................................................... 306
.................................. 306
............................................. 308
.................. 309
shall, will, should, would...................... 310
that (those)............................. 312
it............................................ 312
one........................................ 313
after, before, since, till, until, for, because,
because of.................................................................. 314
as.......................................... 315
due........................................ 316
(The Conjunction).................................................. 316
(The Preposition).............................................. 317
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ENGLISH-RUSSIAN DICTIONARY (-)...................................................................................... 318
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Constitution of World Health Organization (WHO)
REVIEWING SOME BASIC FACTS ABOUT THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
1
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- , . , . (JI.B. ) - . . : , . : Where there is a will, there is a way. .
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| these | leg | nerve | sphere | |
| [ou] | [] | [:] | [:] | |
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| note | dog | sport | ignore | |
| u | [ju:] | [] | [:] | [ju:9] |
| student | but | nurse | cure | |
| music | up | burn | pure | |
| i/y | [ai] | [i] | [] | |
| my | big | girl | fire | |
| time | six | firm | tired | |
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| : 1. , , , , i, []. [i]. : common, system, difficult, woman, direct, history. 2. , I, j u [u:]. : rule, true, June, blue. |
1. . -?
| [ei] | [1 | [i:] | [e] | [ou] | M |
| brave | man | he - | test | no | - hot |
| made | - had | be - | bed | go | from |
| take | map | we | ten | note | box |
| Uu:] | [a] | [ai] | [i] | M | [*] |
| student | - but | five | in | aorta | - worse |
| use | cup | life - | his | sport | work |
| music | bus | type - | it | sort | word |
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4. 1) , . 2) . () .
Medicine in Ancient Civilization
Early man, like the animals,was subject () to illness and death. Life was uncomfortable, dangerous and hard. If the man had a wound (), his instinctive action was to suck() or lick () this wound. He knew that bleeding () very often cased () the pain of a wound.
Instinctive medical actions soon became ceremonial rituals which became very important in the life of a primitive man. Medicine progressed slowly. The medicine-man () practiced magic() to help (he man who was ill or had a wound.
As the centuries passed, man came to know anatomy from the animals he killed. The medicine-man became the central figure of the tribe().
Between 7000 and 4000 B.C. new civilization developed from the early tribes. Ancient Egyptians were the earliest civilized people in the world. They studied the human body. Magic still played an important part when the medicine-man treated ()ill people but Egyptians also developed practical methods of treatment. Homer wrote that Egyptian doctors were the best in his time.
The early Indians in Mexico used narcotics in the treatment of diseases (). In Peru and India surgery () was very developed. Amputations were very common in these countries.
Medicine in China began about 2600 B.C. The Chinese () used acupuncture very often. The Chinese also discovered about two thousand medicinal substances ().
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meat death meet
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, (factum),(effectus),(norma),
(forma),(projectum);(resultatum), (progressus),(interesse),(minimum), (maximum),(plus),(minus),(tempus) . (intellegens) .
, , , : (semestris),(studentes),(examen),(lectiones), (conspectus),(auditorium),(institutum) .
: (rosa),(palma),(fructus) : (elementum),(experimentum),(reactio),(diffusio),(emulsio) ..
, (doctores),(receptum), (medicamenta),(infectio).
, : (classis),(cultura), (materia),(concretum),(abstractum),(terminus).
Flora Fauna ( ). (Genius) . : (Januarius),(Februarius),(Martius) ., (calendarium) .
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, , , . , collect [ks'lekt],collection [ka'lekjn], , collective [ka'lektiv], ;discuss [dis'kAs], discussion [dis'lovjn], ;demonstrate ['demonstreit] ;experiment [iks'perimsnt], .
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culture, structure, delegation, analysis, club, congress, constitution, student, history, atom, molecule, molecular, television
, . , data ['deits] ( datum) , ( date). decade , . : brilliant ['briljant], , ; delicate ['delikit], , ; personal[ pa:snl], ; personnel [,p9:s3'nel];family [Taemili], ; magazine [,maega'zi:n], ; accurate ['aekjunt], .
8. 1) , , . 2) .
1. WhatcouldtheGreeksdo? 2. What is the symbol of medicine?
Scientific Progress in Health in Greece
During the period of 5000 B.C. the medical knowledge from Egypt spread () to Greece where it was further developed. The Greeks knew how to stop bleeding (). Such great philosophers as Hippocrates [hi'pokrstirz], Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were all connected with the development of science and medicine in Greece. The Greeks could diagnose illness. The Greeks also credited () many gods and goddesses () as they could cure diseases and bring health. Apollo was the god of disease and healing (). At a later date his mythical son Asclepius with his daughter Hygeia replaced Apollo. Hygeia was the Greek goddess of health. The cup of Asclepius, entwined with'a serpent (), is still the symbol of medicine. The cult of Asclepius was the most famous religious- medical cult in history.
Hippocrates symbolised the greatness () of the creative and classical period of history. He is called the father of scientific medicine. Hippocrates was the first who spoke about the natural causes () of diseases. He also established fundamental principles of observation and treatment () that are used to this day.
, , , . , , , . surgery. . therapy , . Pediatrics , apsychiatry . , . , : , , , , , . , .
9. .
ph= [f] photo, phrase, physics, lymph, biography, telephone
to be, to have
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1. I am a student. 2. My grandfather was a chemist. 3. My favourite writer is Jack London. 4. I have many books by Jack London. 5. I shall be a doctor. 6. We had a lesson in chemistry yesterday.
11.to be to have .
1. We (to be) at the Institute yesterday. 2. I (to be) at the library tomorrow. 3. Oleg Petrov (to be) from Kursk. 4. He (to have) a book by Jack London last year. 5. My father and my mother (to be) doctors. 6. I (to have) a brother.
12. . 1) , . 2) , tobe tohave . .
Hippocrates - the Father of Medicine
Hippocrates was born in 460 B.C. on the island () of Cos. He was the son of a doctor. Hippocrates studied medicine and then he went from town to town where he practised the art of medicine. It is known that he drove out () the plague ([pleig] ) from Athens by lighting fires in the streets of the city.
Hippocrates was known as an excellent doctor and a teacher of medicine. He established medical schools in Athens and in other towns. He wrote several books and many case histories (). Hippocrates taught his pupils to examine the patient very attentively and to give him quick help. He created medicine on the basis of experience. He taught that every disease was a natural process and it had natural causes (). Hippocrates treated diseases by exercise, massage, salt water baths, diet and suitable (, ) medicine. He observed diseases such as pneumonia, tuberculosis and malaria, and he added to the medical language such words as chronic, crisis, relapse () and convalescence ().
One of Hippocrates' theories was that the body had four fluids:
blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. Too much of one fluid, he thought, caused disease and the doctor had to restore () the balance. And only two thousand years later this theory was proved incorrect-(). Hippocrates made medicine an art, a science and a profession.
Hippocrates is the most famous of all the Greek doctors. He is often called the Father of Medicine and some of his ideas are still important. Doctors in many countries take the Hippocratic Oath (). It is a collection of promises (), written by Hippocrates, which forms the basis of the medical code of honour (). The Oath of Hippocrates contains many of his basic thoughts and principles.
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valve twelve came test
name basic tube man
(: 1) ; 2) d.)
14. 1) ? 2) ?
a) war b) won ) dark d)
park word horse here
black start firm pure
birth girl turn fire
(: 1) d; 2) . , . 11.)
15. 1) [i:]? 2) ||?
a) fear b) deal ) breath
read treat head
feather meat dead
spread heal death
(: 1) b; 2) . , . 5.)
16. , .
1. I , a) First-year si dents had an interesting lecture.6)First-year students are at an inter esting lecture, ) First-year students have an interesting lecture.
2. , a) She has a high temperature, b) She will have a high temperature, c) She had a high temperature.
3. 2-, a) The Foreign Languages Department was on the second floor, b) The Foreign Languages Department is on the second floor, c) The Foreign Languages Department had two floors.
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place medicine central cycle special social especially efficient
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children
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give get girl begin
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begin, bag, coffee, agent, give, pencil, generation, central, centre
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history, physics, organic chemistry, normal anatomy, pathologic anatomy, topographic anatomy, biology, histology, physiology, surgery, therapy.
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22 ❖ Reviewing Some Basic Facts about the English Language 8. 3 .
1. Don't live to eat, but eat to live. He, , , .
2. Good health is above wealth. .
3. Firstthink, thenspeak. , .
4. Promise little, but do much. , .
5. Tastesdiffer. .
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The Hippocratic Oath
I swear by the physician, by Asclepius Hygeia and Panaces, and I take to witness all the gods, and the goddesses, to keep according to my ability the following Oath.
I will prescribe regimen for the good of my patients according to my ability and never do harm to anyone. I will not prescribe a deadly drug, nor give advice which may cause him death.
In every house where I corne I will enter only for the good of my patients, I will keep myself far from all intentional ill-doing, and especially from the pleasures of love with women or with men, be they free or slaves. All that may come to my knowledge in the exercise of my profession or outside of my profession, which must not be spread abroad, I will keep secret and will never reveal.
If I keep this oath faithfully, may I enjoy my life and practise my art, respected by all men and in all times, but if I swerve from it or violate it, may the reverse be my lot.
1. - .
2. , - , , .
3. . : 'second, 'common.
4. - , , , . : 'family, 'medicine.
5. , : - . :.university,,sensi'tivity ().
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10. 1) , . 2) . 3) . .
The Middle Ages
Man tried to protect health during the Middle Ages. Certain important health methods were used during this period. Epidemics of diph 'theria, 'tytphold, fever, leprosy(), influenza, bubonic plague and other diseases took millions of lives.
Leprosy was spread for hundreds of years. This disease was controlled not by medical means. Poor lepers () lived in special colonies, away from other people. This was a very important advance in public health during this period.
During the 'Middle 'Ages 'plague killed 'many 'millions of 'people in Europe. In 1348 the 'Black 'Death 'struck () 'Britain: 'nobody 'knew how to 'fight with the di'sease. The 'doctors advised 'people to 'run a'way from the affected () 'areas. 'Everybody ag'reed that 'plague was 'god's 'punishment () for the 'sins () of 'man.
11. , , . (. , 6.)
1. () houseissmall. 2. () roomislarge. 3. () sister is in the cinema now. 4. () brother has many interesting books. 5. () mother is a doctor. 6. () groupisthebestattheInstitute.
12. . (. , 6.)
1. I have a sister.... sister is a student, (my, her)... has many friends. (I, she)... friends come to... place, (her, his, our, their) 2.... brother has many friends too. (my, his)... friends often come to... house, (my, his, their, our) 3.... house is big. (my, our)... rooms are large, (his, its) 4. Tell... about... mother and father, said... teacher, (him, us; your, our; his, our)
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1) [ai]: a) try b) cry ) cycle d) history e) dye
2) [s]: a) cyst b) cent c) since d) cell e) cat
3) g [g]: a) gum b) got c) gin d) gas e) fog
(: 1) d; 2) ; 3) . , . 12, 20, 21.)
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nature future picture ()
5. , qu= [kw]
quite square ()
quick quarter ()
6. .
picture, high, night, newspaper, tension, measure, locomotion, grey, play, eighty, stay, lecture, decision, fracture, solution
7. , [tj]. .
a) such, fortune, champion, chemically, character, bench; b) which, character, section, shell, fiction, greenish, stop; c) catch, champion, each, nature, feature, children.
[tj]?
8. PastIndefinite -ed, . -ed -- . .
+ed
t, d
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to call - called to form formed to study studied
[t]
to help - helped to place - placed to work - worked
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to divide - divided to want - wanted to operate - operated
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9. .
a) a 'pencil, the 'pen, at the 'lesson, 'two 'pens, his t>rother, 'that room, an 'interesting 'book, a 'running
b) to 'sit, is 'sitting, are 'reading, will 'write, shall 'read, have 'taken, has 'opened, had 'closed, is 'opened, was trans'lated, have been ope'rated
?
, .
I. :
1. :
Panacea, | the second daughter of Asclepius, | was the goddess of healing in Greece.
2. :
Now we use Greek terminology | in medicine and pharmacology.
3. :
Apollo | was the Greek god of light, | healing | and manly beauty.
4. :
The Greeks thought | that gods cure diseases | and help to be in good health.
II. :
1. :
Anatomy | studies the structure | of the human body.
2. :
Biology | studies the life | of living beings.
3. , -:
The study of anatomy | is very important | for medical students.
4. :
We know | that the names of many diseases | are Greek in origin.
III. : , , , , , , -- , - , , .
Hygeia, | the daughter of Asclepius, | was the goddess of healing in Greece.
The names of many diseases | are Greek in origin.
10. , . ?
1. In the evening I usually read books or go to the cinema. 2. After the seminar we shall have a lecture in physics. 3. We have two lectures every day. 4. Chemistry was born in the process of man's practical activities. 5. Democritus taught that all bodies in nature consist of small particles.
11. , .
1.1 like to read very much. 2. My friend likes stories by Jack London. 3. We do not go to the Institute on Sundays. 4. Medical students study in the anatomical museum. 5. Students of the Medical Institute study Latin.
12. ,.. 1) .
1. What were two important developments during the Middle Ages? 2. When did the first hospitals appear? 3. In what countries were hospitals founded during the Middle Ages?
2) . .
Developments of the Middle Ages
A very important development during the Middle Ages was the hospital. Hospitals appeared in Ceylon early in the fifth century B.C. and in India in 260 B.C. Hospitals were founded during the Middle Ages in Italy, France, England, Spain and other European countries.
The number of hospital beds was not always an indication of hospital size, as usually great beds were used, and four or six patients were put on one bed.
'Hospitals were 'founded | to 'treat the 'sick \ people. A'nother de'velopment during the Middle 'Ages J was the 'foundation of Universities. 'Many of the 'great European,Universities | were 'founded | during the 'thirteenth and 'four'teenth \ centuries. Bio'logical 'sciences | were 'taught in the, universities. 'Students 'also 'studied the 'human body | and some di \ seases.
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- . : asmallgirl, thefirstlesson. , . : mypen, thisbook.
13. . .
Artists Study the Human Body
Even in Roman times, people were afraid of dead bodies. Dissection, that is the cutting open of bodies to learn more about the various parts and how they work, was banned by religion and the law. This delayed the study of anatomy for over a thousand years.
It is strange that the first effort to study the human body was made by Renaissance [ra'neisans] () artists such as Michelangelo, Raphael and Leonardo da Vinci. Leonardo wished to draw the body with more realism. So he carefully examined the shape of bones and muscles. He also dissected over thirty dead bodies and drew pictures of many internal organs, the veins and arteries.
- . , , .., , to. :
a (the) hand tohand, a (the) dress - todress (the) air toair :
1. I bought a new dress.. The girl began to dress. .
2. The air
