4. . ..
5. , .. / .. , .. , .. . .: , 2003. . 265-278
6. .., .. . .: , 2010.
7.
: , ; , .
16 20 000 . ( ), .
20 340 /. 1500 /, 3000-6000 /.
, . .
- , . , . , - . , , - , . . .
- , . . . - , , .
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. , 1 /20 .
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. , , . ( .17.1).
, . 1000- 3000 . 10-12 /2.
. 1-10 /2 . , , . ( . 17.1), , .
, . 17.1, .
.
- . - . - : , .
- : ( ) ( ) .
, , I I 0 = 10-12 /2, L :
L() = 10lg I/I0.
(I = I ) L = 0, (I =10 /2) L= 130 .
E = kL
L:
k , , (17.2) - .
, 1 = 1 1000 , .. k = 1. (. 17.1).
. .
, .