( , ) , , .
. 8.1
- .
.
/ , , , , .
() , .
, .
, , - , , - ..
. 8.2 : , ,
-
(, ).
-
(, )..
3 :
.
(8.1)
. f, 0,707 (0), (0) - ;
. - ,
(8.2)
( 10-8 ), I
4 - :
.
( )
*
. R
*
( . transfer resistor ) 1948 . , . . ( , 1956).
: .
- ( )
.
- , , .
|
|
. 8.3
(--)
p-n .
. 8.4 p-n-p
. 8.5 (Ge) p-n-p
- , /, (. 8.4).
. (W, 8.5).
p-n (-) (-).
: p-n-p n-p-n .
:
- . .., - .
- - , .
( )
. 8.6 . .
( ),
p-n () , p-n .
(. 8.6).
- 1
+; , , - . , : ( ) ( ).
. 8.7 , - .
- 1, 2 ,
; + , Io ( ).
. 8.8 , - .
- ,
() .
- . , .
. 8.9 ,
.. , , , , , .
p-n-p :
I = IP +In = gIP (8.3)
g = IP/ IP +In = 1/(1+ In/IP) (8.4)
g - .
IP, In - - .
g , , .
( ), , ( g > 0,99).
|
|
( p-n-p ).
, , , .
. - , ,
, .
, , .
, 1.
, :
Ip = k IP (8.5)
k -
(k) , , .
W. ,
Lp >>W (8.6)
( k > 0,98).
, I , (8.4) (8.5):
I = aI +I (8.7)
a = g k (8.8)
- .
γ κ , .. .
(a), , ( ), .. g k , a .
n-p-n , (8.3) - (8.5), , .
, (. 8.9):
I = I + I,
I = I + I (8.9)
, . ,
I = I - I (8. 10)
(I) , α:
I = I - I = I - αI = I(1 - α) - I (8.11)
, I ,
(8.12)