TOPICS FOR REPORTS:
1. RP (Received Pronunciation)
2. Southern English Accents
3. Northern and Midland Accents
4. Welsh English.
5. Scottish English.
6. Northern Ireland English.
7. American English
a) The Eastern type
b) The Southern type
c) General American (GA).
Optional:
8) Australian and New Zealand variant
9) South African English
HOME PRACTICE.
EXERCISE 1 Consider the following English constructions, and say what part of the English-speaking world they are most likely to come from:
(a) I'll give it him.
(b) Have you ever gone to London?
(c) Going away tomorrow he is.
(d) He ordered the town evacuated.
(e) The dog wants out.
(f) I'll come see you soon.
(g) We'd a good time last week.
(h) It was very ill that he looked.
EXERCISE 2. What is the regional origin of the following poem?
The wuid-reek melts wi the winter haar
And aa the birds are gane;
They're burnan the leaves, the treen are bare,
December rules a dour domain.
The wuid-reek draws a memorie
Frae some far neuk in the brain
When I was a loun and hadna loed
And never kent the world's bane.
Och, burn the leaves and burn the branch
And burn the holly treen!
O winter, burn the hairt I want -
And syne burn mine again!
EXERCISE 3. What is the regional origin of the following passage? Make a list of the words and spellings which led you to make this identification.
She must have felt me staring at her, for she turned around, and her eyes, which were an astonishing color, now looked at me with an open small-town concern. And now I realized the detective had seen me chatting with nothing less than a blonde. We stepped into a squad car, the siren was turned on, and we drove to an exit, and then turned back to the apartment. By the time we arrived, there were two more squad cars in the street. Our silence continued as we rode up in the elevator, and when we got to the apartment, a few more detectives and a few more police were standing around. There was a joyless odor in the air.
EXERCISE 4. What is the regional origin of the following passage? Make a list of the features which led you to make this identification.
I've lost my pal, 'e's the best in all the tahn,
But don't you fink 'im dead, becos 'e ain't.
But since he's wed, 'e 'as ter nuckle dahn,
It's enough ter vex the temper of a saint.
E's a brewer's drayman, wiv a leg of mutton fist,
An' as strong as a builick or an horse.
Yet in 'er 'ands 'e's like a little kid,
Oh! I wish as I could get him a divorce.
EXERCISE 5. The following words mean different things in American and British English. Find out what the differences are:
nervy, scrappy, pavement, homely, momentarily, cheap
EXERCISE 6. The following English words have at least two different pronunciations in different varieties of the language. Say what they are:
dance, butter, bath, off, card, head, plant, one, supper, girl
EXERCISE 7. Convert the following Traditional (East Anglian) Dialect passage into Standard English:
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I reckon yow wonder why I han't writ lately. Well, Aunt Agatha she ha been a-spring-cleanin', and we ha wery nigh finished. She ha got only one more place to do that's outside (that's the coal shud). Granfa he mob. He say yow can't see no difference when that's done, only yow can't find nothin'. But he lend a hand. We all got fit, when Aunt Agatha found she'd lent her whitewawsh brush to Mrs. W., so I had to go ahter that. Well, bor, she say to me 'Thank yar Aunt Agatha for the use of the brush. I ha got a new one now so I shall neither want to borra nor yit lend'. She gan me some peppermint cooshies for Granfa. He mobbed. He say 'I don't want them things'.
EXERCISE 8. Look at the twelve 'English words' and try and find out what they mean, by consulting dictionaries or other sources, if necessary.
lewze, mawther, eftmistall, loup, laikbairn, shippon, fainitesnesh, thole, keek
EXERCISE 9. Discuss why it is that, in many parts of the country, dialect words are dying out.
EXERCISE 10. Think of twenty English words that you would guess are of French origin. Check in an etymological dictionary to see if you were correct.
EXERCISE 11. Consider the way you pronounce t.
Say out loud He's got a lot of little bottles. Do you use glottal stops in got, lot, little and bottles? Do you use no glottal stops at all? Do you use a d -sound in some of these words? Or do you say gorra and lorra for got a and lot of? What dialects are characterized by the above mentioned types of pronunciation?
EXERCISE 12. Make a short list of regional pronunciation features that you could use in helping you to decide where a speaker comes from.
QUESTIONS FOR SELF STUDY:
1) Is the term Southern English indicative of its birth place, or is it confined only to the South of England?
2) Who introduced the term Received pronunciation?
3) For what reasons is RP accepted as the teaching norm in most countries where English is taught as a foreign language?
4) What accent of British English has the most in common with American English? Why?
5) What are the two major differences of the Scottish variant of English from RP?
6) What is a Southern drawl? Where is it typical for?
NB! Diglossia
This word is used to refer to the case where speakers of a language regularly use (or at least understand) more than one variety of that language. In one sense this situation is found in all languages: it would always be strange to talk to one's boss in the same way as one spoke to one's children. But in some languages the differences between varieties are much more sharply defined, and many societies have evolved exclusive varieties which may only be used by one sex, or in conversation between people of a particular status or relationship relative to the speaker.
Slip of the tongue (speech error)
Much has been discovered about the control of speech production in the brain as a result of studying the errors we make in speaking. These are traditionally known as "slips of the tongue", though as has often been pointed out, it is not usually the tongue that slips, but the brain which is attempting to control it. Some errors involve unintentionally saying the wrong word (a type of slip that the great psychoanalyst Freud was particularly interested in), or being unable to think of a word that one knows. Many slips involve phonemes occurring in the wrong place, either through perseveration (i.e. repeating a segment that has occurred before, as in 'cup of key' for 'cup of tea') or transposition (the slip known as a Spoonerism), as in 'tasted a worm' instead of 'wasted a term'. Such slips apparently never result in an unacceptable sequence of phonemes: for example, 'brake fluid' could be mispronounced through a Spoonerism as 'frake bluid', but 'brake switch' could never be mispronounced in this way since it would result in *'srake bwitch', and English syllables do not normally begin with /sr/ or /bw/. Some researchers have made large collections of recorded speech errors, and there are many discoveries still to be made in this field.
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LITERATURE:
1) .. .. . .: , 1970 . 36-58.
2) .. . . .: , 1965. . 185-202.
3) .., .., .., .. : . .... 3- ., . .:.. , 2003.- .252-283.
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EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
1) Phonetics as a branch of linguistics. Phonetics and phonology.
2) Branches of phonetics. Methods of investigation.
3) The phoneme. Its aspects and functions.
4) I.A. Baudouin de Courteneys views upon the phoneme.
5) L.V. Scerba's views upon the phoneme.
6) Ferdinand de Saussure's conception of the phoneme.
7) The Prague phonological school.
8) The London phonological school.
9) The American phonological school.
10) The Copenhagen phonological school.
11) Phonetic transcription. Different approaches to the problem.
12) The system of the English consonant phonemes, principles of classification.
13) The system of the English vowel phonemes, principles of classification.
14) Syllable formation. Theories of the syllable formation.
15) Functions of the syllable. Principles of syllable division.
16) Word-stress. Principles of word-stress formation
17) Accentual structure of English words. Functions of the word accent.
18) Intonation. Its functions. Intonation components: pitch, tempo, loudness.
19) Dialectology: national varieties of the language.
20) Pronunciation standard of British English. Received Pronunciation.
21) Northern English.
22) Welsh English
23) Scottish English.
24) The Eastern type of American English.
25) The Southern type of American English.
26) General American as contrasted with Received Pronunciation.
27) Modifications of consonants in connected speech.
28) Modifications of vowels in connected speech.
29) Speech organs and their functions.
30) Characteristics of speech sounds. Functions of speech sounds.
31) Practical application of phonetics. Phonetics and other sciences.
32) Typology of accentual structure of English words by G.P.Torsuev.
33) Basic rules of English word accentuation
34) Tones and scales, their formation and meanings.
35) Functions of language and functional styles.
36) Informational style
37) Academic style (Scientific).
38) Publicistic style (Oratorial).
39) Declamatory style (Artistic).
40) Conversational style (Familiar).Slang Register.
41) Assimilation, classification of assimilation.
42) Two forms of pronunciation (strong and weak forms), degrees of the reduction of strong forms.
43) The phenomena of accommodation and reduction.
LITERATURE FOR FURTHER READING:
1. .., .., .. ( ..). .,1974
2. .. // . .19.
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3. .. . . ( ..). .,1970
4. .. . . ( ..). .,1980
5. .. . .,1979
6. .. . .,1991
7. .. ( ..). ., 1980
8. .. (, , ). .,1982
9. .. . .,1976
10. .. . ., 1989
11. .. . .,1983
12. .., .., .., .. ( ..). .,1996
13. .. . .,1960
14. .. // . 1994. - 5. .30-45
15. Carr, Philip. English Phonetics and Phonology. An Introduction.: Blackwell Publishers,1999
16. Clark, John and Yallop, Colin. An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology. Series: Blackwell Textbooks in Linguistics, 1995
17. Johnson, Keith. Acoustic and Auditory Phonetics: Blackwell Publishers, 1996
18. Lyons J. Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge, 1969
19. Mills C. American Grammar. Sound, form, and meaning/American Univ. Studies. Series XIII. N.Y., 1990
20. Phonological Theory. The Essential Readings/Ed. By John A.Goldsmith. Series: Linguistics: The Essential Readings,1999
21. Phonology. Critical Concepts in Linguistics/Ed. Charles W.Kreidler.: Routledge,2000
22. Spencer, Andrew. Phonology. Theory and Description. Series: Introducing Linguistics.: Blackwell Publishers,1995
23. Yule G. The Study of Language. An Introduction. Cambridge: Univ.Press, 1985
APPENDICIS
APPENDIX 1.
LIST OF STRONG AND WEAK FORMS
APPENDIX 2. R. KINGDONS TONETIC STRESS-MARK SYSTEM
Tones:
a) The Low Fall.
b) The High Wide Fall.
c) The High Narrow Fall.
d) The Low Rise.
e) The High Narrow Rise.
f) The High Wide Rise.
g) The Rise-Fall.
h) The Fall-Rise.
i) The Rise-Fall-Rise.
j) The Level Tones
Scales:
a. The Descending Stepping Scale
Upbroken Descending Scale:
Broken Descending Scale:
b. The Descending Sliding Scale
c. The Descending Scandent Stale
d. The Ascending Stepping Scale
e. The Ascending Sliding Scale
f. The Ascending Scandent Scale:
g. A Level Scale
Heads:
1) inferior
2) superior
3) scandent
Tails:
1) descending
2) level:
or 
3) ascending:
, 
APPENDIX 3. TERRITORRIAL VARIETIES OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
BRITISH ENGLISH ACCENTS
| English English | Welsh English | Scottish English | Northern Ireland English |
| Southern | Northern | Educated Scottish English | Regional Varieties |
| 1. Southern 2. East Anglia 3. South-West | 1. Northern 2. Yorkshire 3.North-West 4. West-Midland |
APPENDIX 4.
PHONETIC VOCABULARY.
accent ;
accentual nucleus
accentual types of words
accentuation (word accentuation) .
accidental assimilation
accommodation ,
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acoustically
acoustically closest ()
action ; .
adaptation
affricate
affricative
air-passage
air-stream
allophone (, )
allophonic ()
alveolar
alveoli
apical
articulate ( )
articulation ,
articulator ( )
articulatory
ascending scale
aspirated
aspiration ,
assimilate ,
assimilation ,
attitudinal coloring (of the utterance) ( )
attitudinally distinctive function
audible ( )
auditory
back-advanced vowel -
backlingual
back of the tongue
back vowel
back wall of the pharynx
bilabial , -, (. [], [] . .)
blade of the tongue ,
broad variation ( )
broken descending scale
bulk of the tongue ()
cacuminal
central vowels
checked . ()
close vowel ,
closed syllable
cluster
coarticulation -, (),
cognate , ()
coloring (),
communication
communicative centre
communicative type ( )
communicatively distinctive function -
complete assimilation
complex tone
component ,
consonant
constrictive
contact ,
contextual assimilation
continuant .
contour ( )
contour of intonation
contracted
counterpart ().
curve ()
D
define ,
definition
dental ,
descending scale
devoice
devoiced
devoicing
diagnose ( )
diagnosis ; . ( )
differentiate ()
diphthong
diphthongal
diphthongized
diphthongoid
discriminate (between) . ()
distinctive feature ()
disyllabic
dorsal
duration
E
ear-training
elision ()
emotional coloring
emphasis , ,
emphasize , ( )
emphatic , ,
epiglottis
established assimilation
exclamation
exhalation ,
F
facultative ,
falling ( )
falling diphthong ()
fall-rise -
final ; .
fixed ,
flat narrowing
fore- and mediolingual -
forelingual
form-word
fortis
fricative
friction
front of the tongue
front-retracted vowel -
front vowel
G
general question
glide (),
glottal
glottal stop
glottis
groove-like
gross mistake
H
hard palate
head (of the scale)
hiatus ; ,
high-broad
high-narrow
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high narrow fall
high narrow rise
high vowel ( )
high wide fall
high wide rise
historical assimilation
I
implication , ;
implicatory statement
imply
initial ( , )
insinuating statement ,
insistent ( , )
intensifier ( )
intensity emphasis ,
interdental
intermediate
intermediate assimilation
interpenetration
intervocalic
intonation
intonation group
J
jaw
junction ( ); ( )
L
labial
labio-dental -
larynx
lateral ,
lateral plosion
lax
length ]
lenis
level scale
level tone
likable ( , )
lingual
lip-protrusion
lip-rounding ,
logical stress
long vowel
low-broad
lower jaw
low fall ( , )
low-narrow
low rise
low vowel ( )
lungs
manner of the production of noise
median
medium tongue position
mediolingual .
merging ( )
mid-broad
middle of the tongue
mid-narrow
mid-open vowel ()
mid vowel ()
mispronounce
mixed
monophthong ,
monosyllabic
morpheme
mother tongue ( )
mouth cavity
mouth opening
movable ,
moving tone
muscles
muscular tension ,
N
narrowing ;
narrow variation ( )
nasal
nasal cavity
nasal plosion
neutral
noise ,
noise consonant
non-aspirated
non-distinctive ( )
non-final ()
non-neutral
non-palatalized ,
non-phonemic ,
non-phonological
normative course
notional word
nuclear
nuclei
nucleus
obstruction
occlusive
off-glide , ()
one-word communicative centre
on-glide , ()
onset , ()
open syllable
open vowel ( )
oral
organs of speech
palatal ,
palatalization ,
palatalize ,
palatalized , ( )
palatalizing ,
palate
palato-alveolar -
partial assimilation
pharyngal
pharynx ,
phoneme
phonemic
phonetic
phonetic context ()
phonetic law
phonetic system of a language ()
phonetics
phonological
phonology
pitch ()
pitch component
pitch level ( )
pitch movement ,
pitch range
plosion
plosionless ( )
plosive (., [], [])
point of articulation
positional ( )
post-alveolar
post-dental
posttonic ,
pre-head ,
pre-nuclear primary accent
pre-vocalic
pretonic
prevention of mistakes ()
primary stress
principal , ()
progressive assimilation
prominence ,
prominent , ,
protruded ( )
puff (of air, breath) ,
Q
qualitative
quantitative
question tag ( )
R
range
rate
reciprocal assimilation
recurrence
reduced
reduction
regressive assimilation
release , ( )
resonance-chamber ,
resonator
retention stage , ( )
retroflex
rhythm
rhythmic group
rhythmical
rise-fall -
rising ( )
rise-fall-rise --
rolled , ( [])
roof of the mouth
root of the tongue
round ( )
round narrowing
rounded vowel ()
RP (Received Pronunciation)
S
scale ()
scandent scale
secondary stress
sense-group ,
sentence-final position
sentence-initial position
sentence-medial position
sentence-stress
sequence of tones
shape
short vowel
slanting ,
sliding scale
slit
soft palate
sonorant
sonority ,
sonorous
special question ( ) speech melody
speech organ
speech-sound
spoonshaped depression
spread ( )
staves ,
stop
stop-stage , ( )
stress ( c , )
stressed
strong form
subsidiary
syllabic ,
syllable
syllable division
syllable final/ initial ( )
syllable formation
tail ,
tamber
teeth-ridge
tempo
temporal ()
tense
tenseness
tension (muscular)
terminal (tone) , (, )
tip of the tongue
tonality
tone
tonetic stress marks ( , )
tongue ( )
tongue-back-(front-) coarticulation ()
transcription
trilled ( [])
U
unchecked
unemphatic
unrounded vowel ()
unstressed
upper lip
upper teeth
utter ( ),
utterance
uvula
V
variant ,
variation
velar ,
velum
verbal context
vibrate
vibration , ,
vocal cords
voice ;
voiced , ( )
voiced consonant
voiceless ( , [], [] . .)
volume
vowel
vowel duration ()
W
weak form
windpipe
word-final/initial ( )
word-final position
word-group communicative centre
word-stress
Z
zero reduction
APPENDIX 5. LIST OF PHONETIC SYMBOLS AND SIGNS.
CONTENTS
General information....2
Outline of Lectures......3
LECTURE 1. Phonetics as a branch of linguistics. Introductory lecture....3
LECTURE 2. The phoneme....6
LECTURE 3. The system of English consonant phonemes9
LECTURE 4. The system of English vowel phonemes.13
LECTURES 5. Syllabic structure of English words..16
LECTURES 6. Word stress...19
LECTURES 7. Intonation..21
LECTURE 8. Stylistic varieties of English...24
LECTURE 9. Territorial varieties of English pronunciation.26
Outline of seminars32
SEMINAR 1. ARTICULATION OF ENGLISH CONSONANT AND VOWELS PHONEMES.32
Topics for reports...32
Home practice32
Questions for self study..35
Literature39
SEMINAR 2. MODIFICATIONS OF CONSONANTS AND VOWELS IN CONNECTED SPEECH39
Topics for reports...39
Home practice40
Questions for self study.43
Literature48
SEMINAR 3. THE PHONEME THEORIES48
Topics for reports...48
Home practice49
Questions for self study.49
Literature54
SEMINAR 4. SYLLABLE FORMATION AND SYLLABLE
DIVISION..54
Topics for reports...54
Home practice55
Questions for self study.55
Literature56
SEMINAR 5. THE ACCENTUAL STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH
WORDS.57
Topics for reports..57
Home practice...57
Questions for self study58
Literature...58
SEMINAR 6. INTONATION...59
Topics for reports...59
Home practice59
Questions for self study.64
Literature69
SEMINAR 7. FUNCTIONAL STYLES OF ENGLISH..69
Topics for reports...69
Home practice70
Questions for self study.72
Literature72
SEMINAR 8. TERRITORIAL VARIETIES OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE..73
Topics for reports...73
Home practice73
Questions for self study.75
Literature77
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS.78
LITERATURE FOR FURTHER READING.79
APPENDICIS..80
APPENDIX 1. List of strong and weak forms80
APPENDIX 2. R. Kingdons tonetic stress-mark system...83
APPENDIX 3. Territorial varieties of English....87
APPENDIX 4. Phonetic vocabulary88
APPENDIX 5. List of phonetic symbols and signs.98
CONTENTS.99
