Windows Microsoft .
Windows 32- , . . Windows, .
Windows 600 , . .
Windows :
- ;
- ;
- -, .
Windows Microsoft . Windows for Workgroups, .
Windows (. 31), . .
. () , (API). Windows Windows NT, - .
( , UNIX). , , ( ),
. .
32- . :
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .
Intel, IBM, DEC.
Novell NetWare. , .
: Token Ring, Ethernet ARCnet. , NetWare, , . Novell , Ethernet. , . NetWare . 32. , - .
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Novell -. , .
NetWare . . NetWare -.
- , .
-. , -. - , . .
4. 4. TCP/IP.
4.1. TCP/IP.
, , , "", . .
, , , , , .
, , .
"" " , :
- ;
- .
:
- -, ;
- -, .
, , "" .
. :
- TCP/IP ( / ) Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol ;
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- IPX/SPX ( ) Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange, NetWare Novell, Microsoft;
- NetBIOS/SMB (Network Basic Input/Output System) IBM Microsoft, Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI .
TCP/IP (DAPRA) APPAnet . TCP/IP, IP TCP, , UNIX.
TCP/IP : Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, SLIP, PPP, .25 ISBN.
TCP/IP (. 33).
TCP , . (OSI).
IP , . Datagram (frame), (packet), (segment). , . IP . IP .
, , , , , . :
- ;
- ;
IP |
. 33. /IP
- .
IP , , .
IP :
- , ;
- ( , );
- ;
- ;
- ( ).
/IP , . / IP , , , , , / IP. , / IP , , , , , .
TCP/IP , , . TCP/IP . , .
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, TCP/IP IP-. TCP/IP . IP- DNS (Domain Name System ), DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ( )) .. , , .
TCP/IP, , , .
4.2. /IP.
/IP 4 (. 34). , .
1- . (application) /IP OSI: , . . , . , -. , , . , , , .
Telnet ( , ) , FTP (File Transfer Protocol) , SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) , HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) .
2- . (transport) /IP :
- (Transmission Control Protocol) ;
- (best effort) () (User Datagram Protocol) UDP.
OSI | /IP | ||
(Application) | I | (Application) | FTP, telnet, SMTP, HTTP |
(Presentation) | |||
(Session) | |||
(Transport) | II | (Transport) | |
(Network) | III | (Network) | |
(Link) | IV | (Network Interface) | |
(Physical) |
. 34 /IP.
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FTP File Transfer Protocol .
SMPT Simple Mail Transfer Protocol .
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol .
HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol .
Telnet , .
, - - .
ARPANET (DAPPA) .
5-7 | - Telnet - FTP - SMTP |
TCP | |
IP | |
, , , . () /IP.
- , , , , , , .
- - . , . . , .
UDP - , , , .
, , IP, () , . UDP , , . UDP, , ( ).
3- . (internet), (network) , / IP.
, OSI, . , . , , , .
( OSI) IP (Internet Protocol). , , . IP , ( ).
IP , , . - (, - ), IP . -.
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|
IP , , , . , , .
, , RIP (Routing Internet Protocol) OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), .
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), - . ICMP , , , , ..
, , , - . ( ) . , , IP .
(, RIP OSPF) (, IP IPX). , .
4- . (network interface) . , / IP , . / IP . , -, () IP , -, , .
4.3. TCP/IP.
, , . IP- . , .
/ IP , :
Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, - SLIP PPP, .25, frame relay, .
/ IP, , OSI, , , (. 35).
. 35 /IP.
/ IP , . , .
, , . , . , .
. , . / IP (. 36).
(stream) , UDP. (segment).
UDP , (datagram).
, . IP, . (packet) IP.
/ IP , (frame), , IP . , . / IP Ethernet, , .25, , IP .
, .
/ IP. / IP 4 : , , . / IP OSI .
, :
. 36 /IP
telnet, FTP, TFTP, DNS, SNMP, , , , HTTP.
/ IP, , UDP. . UDP .
. IP (RIP, OSPF, BGP .). ICMP IGMP.
. , : Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI .., .25, frame relay, PPP, ISDD .. ARP.
/ IP : , , , , .
4.4. IP-. / IP.
/ IP :
- , , , ;
- , IP-, ;
- , .
, .
/ IP , , , , .
() , LAN-Ethernet, FDDI, Token Ring MAC-.
- (Media Access Control IEEE) . - 6 , , 11--17-3D-BC-01.
/I , , , I/S. , , I-, I-. /I I/S , , , I-. , / IP .25, IP .25.
IP- , . 4 , , 109.26.17.100. IP- . : . (Internet Network Information Center InterNIC), .
IP . , IP-. IP-. IP-, . , IP- , .
IP- . IP- : , (, ), () (, , ; RU , UK , SU ). base2.sales.zil.ru. IP- (
), , , IP-. / IP (Domain Name System DNS), . DNS-.
IP-.
IP- . IP- 4 (32 ) . IP- , , : 128.10.2.30.
: 10000000.00001010.00000010.00011110.
: 80..02.1D.
, . , , , ? 32 , IP-, , ? .
, 32- , , , . , .
, . - , IP-; , IP- . IP-.
. : , , , . , . IP- , . . 37 IP- .
0, , , . , 1 (00000001) 126 (01111110), . 0 , 127 . , 224, 16777216 .
10, ». » ( 16 ). , 128.0 (1016) 191.255 (1011111111111111) ». , » , , , 216 (65536).
110, ѻ. 24 , 8 . ѻ , 28 (256) .
1110, D, , multicast. ( ), . D, , .
11110, , Ż. . . 38 , .
, », ѻ.
IP- IP-:
- IP- , , ( ICMP);
, , , , ;
. 37 IP-
1.0.0.0 | 126.0.0.0 | 224 | ||
B | 128.0.0.0 | 191.255.0.0 | 216 | |
C | 192.0.0.0 | 223.255.255.0 | 28 | |
D | 224.0.0.0 | 239.255.255.255 | Multicast | |
E | 240.0.0.0 | 247.255.255.255 |
. 38
- IP- 1, , , . (limited broadcast);
- , , , . , 192.190.21.255 192.190.21.0. (broadcast).
IP- .
, IP-, , IP- . , . , 185.23.44.206 255.255.255.0, 185.23.44.0, 185.23.0.0, .
, , 8, . , , IP- 129.64.134.5 255.255.128.0, IP- 129.64.134.5 : 10000001, 01000000, 1000110, 00000101.
255.255.128.0 : 11111111, 11111111, 10000000, 00000000.
, 129.64.134.5 », , 129.64.0.0, 0.0.134.5.
, 17 255.255.128.0, IP-, .
IP- 129.64.134.5 | 10000001.01000000.1 | 0000110.00000101 |
255.255.128.0 | 11111111.11111111.1 | 0000000.00000000 |
129.64.128.0, 0.0.6.5.
:
- - 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 (255.0.0.0);
- » - 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 (255.255.0.0);
- ѻ - 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 (255.255.255.0).
IP-, . , ( subnetting). subnetting.
IP- , . , IP- . IP-. , , , , IP- . ( ICAN), . , . IP- , DHEP , .
, IP, , , . , , , :
- -, (, Ethernet);
- -, , (, , IP- - ( , IEEE, Media Access Control)). IP- (Address Resolution Protocol APP). , .
, (Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI) - (.25, frame relay), , , .
ARP . ARP IP - ( ) ARP-.