| a | In basic science scientists conduct research to achieve some practical gain. |
| b | Any investigation begins with the observation of an object or an activity. |
| c | Scientists usually repeat their experiments in order to be sure that the results obtained are objective. |
| d | Computer simulations can precisely predict the behaviour of the real objects. |
| e | A hypothesis is always formulated before starting the experiment. |
| f | The method of induction is used by scientists to infer new facts from experimental results. |
| g | A hypothesis becomes a theory when it is confirmed by repeated experiments. |
| h | Before the publication a scientific paper should be reviewed by the experts. |
| i | The peer-review process excludes subjective evaluation of the paper. |
| j | To be recognized as a part of scientific knowledge a paper should be accepted and published in a printed form. |
5. Complete the following:
| a | They search for the secrets of life processes__. |
| b | In all cases, a scientist’s work__. |
| c | It can be something extremely simple__. |
| d | This enables scientists to investigate__. |
| e | Data may be a set of numbers__. |
| f | Data may be arranged into a diagram__. |
| g | Scientists use mathematics__. |
| h | Throughout the history of science__. |
| i | Citations enable readers to work__. |
| j | Because scientists are human__. |
| k | Major scientific breakthroughs are cited__. |
6. Find the passages in the text about:
| a | a common approach used by researchers of various branches of science for problem solving; |
| b | the tools used by scientists in their observations; |
| c | the various forms of data presentation; |
| d | the reason why hypothesis may be problematic; |
| e | the information given in an abstract of a scientific paper; |
| f | a procedure of submitting a scientific paper for publication; |
| g | the criterion of the value of a scientific work. |
7. Answer the following questions about the text:
| a | Why isn’t there a clear-cut division between basic and applied science? |
| b | What steps do scientists use to organize their research? |
| c | What is an experiment? |
| d | What are the advantages of a computer simulation? |
| e | What does a hypothesis explain? |
| f | Why is it difficult sometimes to formulate a hypothesis? |
| g | Why should a paper be detailed enough? |
| h | What is a key test of a scientific theory? |
| i | What may failed theories suggest? |
| j | Why do scientists need to share the results and conclusions of their work? |
8. Read the text “Supervising” and:
| a | find the place where the author names the most important qualities of a person as a supervisor; |
| b | comment on the dictum you like most of all. |
Scientific success in general and the defense of a thesis in particular is never an accident; it is always the result of high intention, sincere effort, intelligent direction and skilled execution; it represents the wise choice of many alternatives.
Supervising
A scientific supervisor is a person who can combine at least two qualities of almost equal importance: being a scientist and being a supervisor. But actually there is one more, not less significant quality implied by this phrase: being a pedagog. Only the harmony of these characteristics can succeed in giving excellent results, thus it can be fruitful for both, the scientific supervisor himself and his post-graduate. So, being a scientist implies the availability of the following characteristics:
| a | original and sustained thinking “No problem can stand the assault of sustained thinking” (Voltaire) |
| b | inquiring mind “The incomparable enjoyment in finding exact answers to all questions” |
| c | purposefulness and persistence “Great works are performed not by strength, but perseverance” (Samuel Johnson) |
| d | perfectionism “There is always a better way … your challenge is to find it”. |
Being a supervisor implies:
| a | excellence excellence can be attained if you: - care more than others think is wise; - risk more than others think is safe; - dream more than others think is practical; - expect more than others think is possible. |
| b | responsibility and self-demand “Hold yourself responsible for a higher standard than anybody else expects of you. Never excuse yourself” (Henry Ward Beecher) |
| c | discipline, organization and consistency |
| d | self-assessment and reflexivity |
| e | self-confidence and optimism “Failure is success if we learn from it” (Malcolm Forbs) |
Being a pedagog implies:
| a | being a personality, bright, free and assertive; |
| b | being kind, careful, friendly; |
| c | being indispensable for the pupils; |
| d | being able to reveal the creative abilities of every pupil. |
SECTION IY
Writing
| Make a written summary of the scientific paper you have prepared for the publication in a scientific journal. | |
| Write an essay of 230-250 words. Reflect on the role of a scientific supervisor and his/her impact on postgraduate’s development, achievements and promotion. | |
| Study the following curriculum vitae (CV) carefully and fill in the form given: |
CURRICULUM VITAE
| Updated __________ | |
| Name: Last, First, Middle | ______________________________________________ |
| Date and Place of Birth | ______________________________________________ |
| Home Address/ Telephone | ______________________________________________ |
| Position/ Affiliation | ______________________________________________ |
| Office address/ Telephone | ______________________________________________ |
| Educational background (in reverse chronological order) |
| Dates | University/ Institute | Field of Study | Degree |
| Employment History (in reverse chronological order) |
| Dates | Employer | Address | Position |
| Teaching Experience__________________________________________________ |
| Other Professional Activities, Membership in Professional Associations ____ |
| Fields of Interests_____________________________________________________ |
| Academic Degrees and awards, Professional Recognition____________________ |
| Grants, Scholarships __________________________________________________ |
| Participation in Conferences and Seminars________________________________ |
| Major Publications (in chronological order)________________________________ |
| Language Proficiency__________________________________________________ |
| Native Language_______________________________________________________ |
| Foreign Languages. Rate your skills using Good, Fair, Poor |
| Language | Reading | Writing | Listening | Speaking |
| Signature_________________ |
UNIT 3
