Ȼ
-
-
ɻ
(
140700 )
...0.3. , , -
/ | |||
. | 2 | 4/2 | |
4 | 4/2 | ||
6 | 4/2 | ||
1 | 6 | 22/12 | |
8 | 4/3 | ||
10 | 5/3 | ||
2 | 13 | 19/12 | |
14 | 4/2 | ||
16 | 5/2 | ||
3 | 17 | 19/12 | |
60/36 | |||
40/24 |
; ; ; .
1. :
( ),
( , )
( ).
2. :
;
;
.
( / ) .
3. .
|
|
4. 10 , 1 .
5. 20 , 2 , 1 0 .
3 .
1
30- XX , - . , - .
. (+ =+1,6×1019) = 1,6726×10-27 .
(q= 0), . = 1,6750×10-27 .
, , . , , . . ( ) Z. , . . , . , . 7 8 Z = 7 = 15. N = A-Z.
, Z. , , , Z . , N , 7 8 , .. 15 . , , Z ( , ). . , Z : , , - . Z, , . , , Z =7. Z 15N.
(, ) , . , 6, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 10. , , , . , , , , , , . , . , 98,9% ( ) 1,1% . ( ) . , . , ( Z > 92) .
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(...). 12,000000 . . . 1,008665 . . ., 1,007276 . . ., ( ) 1,007825 ...
-. - , = 2 . 1,6736×10-27 , 1,007825 ...,
1 ... = 1,6606×10 -27 = 931,5 /2.
. 1.
1.
, /2
. . . | /2 | ||
9,1095×10-31 | 0,00054858 | 0,51100 | |
1,67265×10-27 | 1,007276 | 938,28 | |
1,67356×10-27 | 1,007825 | 938,79 | |
1,67500×10-27 | 1,008665 | 939,57 |
.
, , . , . . , - , .
: , . , α-. , α-. α-, α- , .
. , , , . . , . . . , () , ( - ).
. , . : , . , , , .
, , . :
N = N 0e-λ t , (1.1)
N0 t = 0;
N t;
λ . λ , , c1. , T1/2 .
:
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|
N = N 0− N = N 0−λ t = N 0 [1−−λ t ] (1.2)
1.1. .
, , (. 1.1).
T1/2. T1/2 , , . T1/2 , , , . :
1/2= ln2/λ= 0,693/λ (1.3)
( ).
dN dt, :
(1.4)
λ ;
N .
(). (). 1 = 3,71010 . :
1 =10-3 =3,7*107 , 1 =10-6 =3,7*104 .
, Am 6,0231023 ( ). m:
T1/2 , ;
6,0231023 ;
6,0231023 /AmT1/2 .
, .
, q1, qs, qv qm . , , .
. , .
, , , . 2, . , ( 1,3×10-12) . C , 5700 . , . + N → + . N ; . . , . . C, , . , , , . 5700 , / 5700 . / , , 5700 . , , / . , (, , ).
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40 000 . . . , -238 4,5×109 .
1
1. 1 23892U, T1/2 = 4,468109 .
2. 6027Co 38 . T1/2 = 5,27 . 3 .
3. (x) : ) 10 (X, α) Be8; ) O17 (D, n) X; ) Na23 (p, X) Ne20; ) X(p, n) Ar37.
4. 6.255. , , 27Al.
5. , 20Ne α- 12, , 20Ne, 4 12 8,03, 7,07 7,68 .
6. . . . : ) Li8, 41,3 ; ) 10, 6,04 .
7. 238U 1,0 1,24*104 α- . .
8. 1 3 . 2 ?
9. t=8 . k=3/4 . T1/2?
10. t=4 A0=118 At=7,4 . T1/2 .
11. () ?
12. .
13. .
14. 81Sr (T1/2=8,5 ), 25,5 , 200 .
15. 128I (T1/2=25 ), 2,5 .
16. β- 24Na 14,8 . , 24 24Na 29,6 .
17. s1/s2 .
18. 0 27Mg m=0,2 , t=1 . , .
2