, . ., , .
. , ( ) . . , . , . , .
. . , , , . . . , ( ).
( ) ( ) . , , . ( = const), ( = const), (V = const), (q = 0). - ( = const, T = const). , , . - (V const, T = const).
. , U.
, , , . , , , , , . .
. , , , .
∆U = U2 U1
U1 U2 c.
. Q () , 1 2, , Q :
q=∆U + A