R . . 1, , , R , , .
( ) : , , .. , : , .
σ* σ* . σ* = f() . 2. : , ( + )
, (2 + ) , (3 + ) , ∞ - .
- , , . π :
↑
π . 3.
* L η * . - * , π * . :
↑ →(1 + 0,2 2 ) ↑→ * ↑→ π * ↓
π * . 3. . n = n * () , π * (. 4).
π
π * . . :
↑
π . 3. , π , π - π * .
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σ* π * , .. π *~ π *
↑ → π *↑→ π *↑. π . 5.
. (10) , , .. G ~ π .
, G . , . :
↑ → π ↑→ *↑→ G↑.
G . 5. , ( ) G , ( ) .
. : V. (4)
~ √(1-1/ π 0,25 ,
, * .
↑ → π *↑→ (1-1/ π 0,25) ↑→ ↑
= , . π
(1-1/ π 0,25) 1. .. . 6. V , .
V , ( ). = V R = 0. = f ( ) V= f ( ) . R . 7. , .
. : R G. R = f ( ) G. = f ( ), R = f ( ), . 8.
: ( , R G., G. = - R, . .
. η : π = * / δ = */ . . 9 10. . 10 : ηt , η . ,
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π , δ , , η . π δ, , η . , π =σ* π * , = 0,
η (. 9). 1< π < π ' ,
π ' - π , η . π η = f ( ), . 11, .. η , = . , (- ) , , .
, π . , = = V. Le= η , π .
. ΔLR = R2 /2. , ηR. , = 0 (.7), ΔLR ηR . (- R) ηR . ηR .
= 0, V = 0 ηR = =0. L = ΔLR = = . , .
= R =0, ΔLR =0 ηR=1. ηR . 12. ,
. ηR
, , L .
: η ηR. . η= η ηR, η = f ( ) ηR = f ( ). η= f ( ) (. 13).
= 0, ηR=0, η=0. = , η=0, η=0. , η , . , η, ( .). , . , = 0 , = .
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1 . , (14).
1- .
, η'. . ´ (.14). , = 0 ´=0.
2- .
= f ( ) η. ´= f ( ) ( ´ ´´) . . η , η', ´ . ( ´< < ´´) , , . ηR , η', ´ . ( ´< < ´´) ´ . = f ( ), . 14 .
.
= 0, η=0 V=0. (14) 0/0. (=0, = 0),
= ~
, η .
= , η=0, V≠0. .
. , . ,
, . , . , . = 2,22,6 (. 13).
.
.
:
- ( = 0; = 0):
G - ;
π * - ;
* - ;
- : n = const, F = const.
- ;
- ( );
- ( ).
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1.
1
G , / | π * | r *, 0 | , | ||
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+ | |||||
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+ | |||||
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3+ | |||||
+ | |||||
2+ |
.
.
:
1. .
2. :
R , R G , π π *, η, ηR η.
3. .