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The Theory and the Craft of Translation




1. Is Translation an Art or a Craft?

 

Translation is a means of interlingual communication. But is it an art or a craft?

This question has been under debate for many years. According to Natalia Strelkova Ideally, the translator is like a talented artist who when he looks at his sitter or a landscape, sees something more than the ordinary viewer he sees the essence of what is in front of him. A good translator always processes the textual information to allow the reader to see what he sees and feel what he is feeling. He acts as an invisible bridge between the author and the reader. That is what makes translation an art. (N. Strelkova. Introduction to Russian-English Translation. New York, 2012, p. 1)

On the other hand, mastery of craft is important, too, for an inept, ineffectual translator or interpreter can wreak havoc on any effort at communication. (N. Strelkova. Introduction to Russian-English Translation. New York, 2012, p. 1)

The following example is just a case in point.

 

Hand-made in every detail, fused to the body of the model who displays it, an haute couture dress is a wearable sculpture.

The literal translation of this sentence will be the following: , , , .

 

fuse - ,

wearable

 

1. To translate this sentence correctly, well have to analyze its components on different levels, namely: lexical, grammatical and stylistic.

2. Then we should decode and reformulate these elements according to the norms of the Russian language. This stage of translation requires specific skills which are called translators competence. So, we can say that translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and statement in one language by the same message and statement in another language.

 

 

Taking all these facts into account, this sentence can be translated like that: , , , .

 

The term translation has several meanings: it can refer to the general subject field, the product (the text that has been translated) or the process (the act of producing the translation, otherwise known as translating).

The process of translation between two different written languages involves the translator changing an original written text (the source text or ST) in the original verbal language (the source language or SL) into a written text (the target text or TT) in a different verbal language (the target language or TL). (Introducing Translation Studies, p. 5)

 

2. The Theory of Translation as a Linguistic Science

The core of the translation theory is the general theory of translation which is concerned with the fundamental aspects of translation inherent in the nature of bilingual communication and therefore common to all translation events, irrespective of what languages are involved or what kind of text and under what circumstances was translated.

The basis of this theory is linguistics in the broadest sense of the word, that is, macrolinguistics with all its new branches, such as psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, text linguistics, communicative linguistics, etc.

The task of the theory of translation is to provide students, researchers and professional translators with theoretical description of the translation phenomenon.

The aims of the theory of translation are:

1) to describe general linguistic principles of translation;

2) to elaborate the principles of types of translation;

3) to define the notion of equivalence and / or adequacy in translation;

4) to describe the process (the notion) of translation from the scientific point of view;

5) to reveal pragmatic and social-linguistic factors of translation;

6) to define the notion of norm in translation (for example, professional norms, which regulate the translation process itself, linguistic norms as related to the language system, communicative norms as related to communicative behavior, production norms which concern the methods and strategies by which a correct product can be achieved, etc. (Current Issues In Language and Society Volume 5, Issue 1-2, 1998, Cristina Schaffner The Concept of Norms in Translation, Studies, p. 1)

One of the outstanding scientists who influenced the development of the theory of translation was Eugene Nida. (He is also famous for his translation of the Bible).

Central to Nidas work is the move away from the old idea that an orthographic word has a fixed meaning and towards a functional definition of meaning in which a word acquires meaning through its context and can produce varying responses according to culture. (Introducing Translation Studies, p. 39)

Fyodorov stresses that translation theory is an independent linguistic discipline, deriving from observations and providing the basis for practice. He believes that all experience is translatable and rejects the view that language expresses a peculiar mental word-picture ( ).

Comissarov sees translation theory moving in three directions:

1) the denotative (informational translation);

2) the semantic (precise equivalence);

3) the transformational (transposition of relevant structures).

 

3. Translation Studies as an Academic Discipline

Translation studies is the academic discipline related to the study of the theory and phenomena of translation. By its nature it is multilingual and also interdisciplinary, encompassing any language combinations, various branches of linguistics, comparative literature, communication studies, philosophy and a range of types of cultural studies () as well as sociology and historiography. (Introducing Translation Studies, p. 1)

Translation studies contains elements of social science and the humanities ( ) and deals with the systematic study of the theory, the description and the application of translation, interpreting or both these activities.

Translation studies has become more prominent in recent years due to:

1) a proliferation of specialized translating and interpreting courses at both undergraduate and postgraduate level, which are mainly oriented towards training future professional translators and interpreters.

2) a proliferation of conferences, books and journals on the theory and practice of translation (The Journal of Translation and New Voices, The Linguist, The ITI Bulletin and In Other Words).

3) The work of such international organizations as the Canadian Association for Translation Studies, the European Society for Translation Studies, etc., which bring together translation studies scholars nationally and internationally.

This thesis can be illustrated with the following example: the book by Jeremy Munday INTRODUCING TRANSLATION STUDIES. Theories and applications contains material on historical sources, the works on ethics, ideology, sociology, historiography and other branches of science.

 

 

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wearable

 

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