TCP/IP , .
: Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, ISDN, -, . , , , . , .
(routers) , .
- . . , , , , .
() , . , , .
, , .
: , , .
/IP , . 4- (. 2).
. 2. TCP/IP
. .
/IP. , . (connectionless packet delivery service). , , . , , . . , , . , .
|
|
, , , TCP UDP, .
, -, . , . /IP, , Telnet, FTP, SMTP, SNMP, World Wide Web .
. 3 , TCP/IP. IP- Ethernet . , , , , IP .
. 3. TCP/IP
, , , Ethernet. . . .
, . , . TCP/IP , . 32- (IP-). IP- . , , . . 4 IP-.
. 2.4. IP-
32- IP- , . , , 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.255. . , 21 8 (), , 255 . , 256 , 64 . , , , , Arpanet.
|
|
, (multihomed), IP- . , IP- . , , .
, (unicast), (broadcast) (multicast) .
IP- . , , , InterNIC (Internet Network Information Center Internet).
32- IP IPv4, . , IPv6, 1991 ., . IPv6 128- IP- .
TCP/IP , . (Domain Name System, DNS), IP- . , . , () .
, , T CP/IP, . , , . , , . , , IP , , .
IPv6. , 4 4 , , .
TCP/IP, , . ISOC (Internet Society) , .
ISOC IAB (Internet Architecture Board) , . IAB TCP/IP .
|
|
IAB : IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) IRTF (Internet Research Task Force). IETF , . (, , . .) , . , IPv6 DHCP IETF. , IRTF TCP/IP .
, , TCP/IP Internet Request for Comments, RFC. RFC , , .
, , (Domain Name System, DNS). , IP- . IP- , .
: , . : www.rbc.ru. , ru, rbc www, WWW-.
. ( ) :
com commercial ();
edu educational ();
gov goverment ();
mil military ();
net network (, );
org organization ( ).
. : biz info. info , biz . , name pro, museum, coop, aero .
() . :
ca Canada ();
de Germany ();
fi Finland ();
fr France ();
jp Japan ();
ru Russia ();
ua Ukraine ();
uk United Kingdom ().
. , com co. , . .
. . , , , :
www HTTP- (WWW-);
ftp FTP-.
|
|
. com ( ), edu ( ), org ( ), net ( ) InterNIC (Internet Network Information Center), www.internic.net. RIPE, www.ripe.net. ru RIPN www.ripn.net.
, , - .
, , . www.register.com ( com, org, net edu) www.ripn.net/nic/whois/( ru). , . , , .
ru , , . ru. ru .
, , , , .
, . , . , , .
, . : , WWW, , , FTP, IRC, , .
, , .
1. (off-line) .
2. (on-line) , . , .
(e-mail). . , . , ( , , . .), .
. . . , .
, .
(newsgroup), . , . , , , . . , . , comp.sys.linux.setup , , Linux, .
, , - , . , , , .
|
|
, . , , , , . , , , , Microsoft Outlook Express.
, , . , , , . .
WWW-, . , web-, , web-.
(mail lists) , - .
. , . , , , . . , . , .
( ), ( ), ( , , ) .
. , , , , , ( , - ), . .
( chat) , . , . , , IRC (Internet Relay Chat),.
IRC , , .
, IRC , , , , . .
, IRC, . , web- HTML, Java. , , . , , , , , , . .
-
- . - . , . , , , . ICQ, MSN, AOL Instant Messenger .
FTP
FTP (file transfer protocol) , FTP , . , FTP- . , FTP.
FTP , .
World Wide Web
WWW (World Wide Web) , web- . . , : , , , . . - (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol, HTTP). HTTP WWW HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language), .
, WWW, , HTML- , , . WWW , WWW, . , - WWW (browsers), , , , - : FTP, Usenet, . . , WWW , WWW .
, WWW . TCP/IP, , (HTTP) World Wide Web, . World Wide Web, ( ) , (, SMTP, IMAP), (IRC) (NNTP).
, World Wide Web , , , web- .
, , , . . , :
, ;
- - ;
.
, . , web- . , , , , , , , .
, :
(spiders, crawlers). web- web-, .
. , , , . .
- . - . , , .
, web-.