1 8 , , D rG 298 , , .
/ | z+, / | j z+/ , | ||
Zn | 0,0015 | 4,2 | -0,763 | |
Al | 0,0010 | 3,0 | -1,662 | |
0,0009 | 3,4 | -0,277 | ||
Ni | 0,0012 | 2,7 | -0,250 | |
Cd | 0,0008 | 4,0 | -0,403 | |
Fe | 0,002 | 5,1 | -0,440 | |
Sn | 0,0001 | 2,0 | -0,136 | |
Mn | 0,004 | 3,9 | -1,180 |
9 16 , , D rG 298, .
1-2 | j z+/ 1, | jz +/ 2, | ||
Cu Ag | 1,6 | +0,337 | +0,799 | |
Ni Au | 5,8 | -0,250 | +1,498 | |
11,, | Sn Co | 6,5 | -0,136 | -0,277 |
Cd Fe | 7,9 | -0,403 | -0,440 | |
Au Co | 5,2 | +1,498 | -0,277 | |
Fe Sn | 8,4 | -0,440 | -0,136 | |
Zn Cu | 4,8 | -0,763 | +0,337 | |
Pb Ni | 3,9 | -0,126 | -0,250 |
17 24 ( ..), t , ()2, .
/ | m ()2, | t, | / | m ()2, | t, | ||
Zn | 0,025 | 5,0 | Pb | 0,007 | 6,0 | ||
Cd | 0,125 | 4,0 | Cr | 0,198 | 3,0 | ||
Ni | 0,130 | 6,5 | Sn | 0,004 | 4,5 | ||
Fe | 0,085 | 2,5 | Co | 0,253 | 12,0 |
25 32 , T = 298 ()2, .
/ | ()2 | j z+/ , | / | ()2 | j z+/ , | ||
Zn | 3,0×10-16 | -0,763 | 1,6×10-15 | -0,277 | |||
g | 5,5×10-12 | -2,363 | Fe | 7,9×10-16 | -0,440 | ||
6,3×10-22 | -1,847 | Ni | 1,6×10-14 | -0,250 | |||
Cd | 4,3×10-15 | -0,403 | Mn | 2,0×10-13 | -1,180 |
33 40 K m (/2×) K (/) , i r.
/ | i, /2 | r´10-3, /3 | / | i, /2 | r´10-3, /3 | ||
g | 0,05 | 1,74 | Zn | 0,04 | 7,14 | ||
Cr | 0,06 | 6,20 | Al | 0,06 | 2,73 | ||
0,03 | 8,33 | Pb | 0,01 | 11,34 | |||
Fe | 0,04 | 7,87 | Ni | 0,03 | 8,90 |
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41 50 , (jFe2+/ Fe = -0,440 ) (ͻ 7) ( = 3 5,5). ( ) ?
/ | , (z) | jz+/, | / | , (z) | jz+/, |
r (3) | -0,744 | Cu (2) | +0,337 | ||
Cd (2) | -0,403 | Ag (1) | +0,799 | ||
Sn (2) | -0,136 | Au (3) | +1,498 | ||
Pb (2) | -0,126 | (2) | -0,277 | ||
Ni (2) | -0,250 | (3) | -0,200 |
51 58 , 1 2. , ( = 298 ).
/ | j2+/, | 1, / | 2, / | ||
Mn | -1,180 | 1×10-4 | 7×10-1 | 5,2 | |
Cd | -0,403 | 4×10-4 | 3×10-1 | 3,5 | |
-0,277 | 6×10-4 | 2×10-1 | 2,5 | ||
Fe | -0,440 | 3×10-4 | 2×10-1 | 4,0 | |
Ni | -0,250 | 7×10-4 | 1×10-1 | 2,0 | |
-2,866 | 2×10-4 | 9×10-1 | 6,0 | ||
Zn | -0,763 | 5×10-4 | 7×10-1 | 5,0 | |
V | -1,175 | 1×10-4 | 8×10-1 | 5,5 |
59 66 t , : ) ; ) . = 298 , = 101,3 .
V 2, | V 2, | t, | ||
r | 50,4 | 16,8 | 3,0 | |
V | 61,6 | 2,0 | ||
Zn | 22,4 | 2,5 | ||
n | 16,8 | 2,0 | ||
Be | 44,8 | 3,0 | ||
Fe | 39,2 | 4,0 | ||
Al | 106,4 | 47,6 | 3,5 | |
Mg | 117,6 | 50,4 | 3,0 |
67 78 , . .
/ | 1- 2 | j1 z+/ 1, | j2 z +/2, | |
Cu Fe | 5,0 | +0,337 | -0,440 | |
Ni Sn | 2,0 | -0,250 | -0,136 | |
Pb V | 9,0 | -0,126 | -1,175 | |
Cd Ni | 6,5 | -0,403 | -0,250 | |
Co Mg | 8,5 | -0,277 | -2,363 | |
Ag Sn | 1,0 | +0,799 | -0,136 | |
Zn Sn | 4,5 | -0,763 | -0,136 | |
Al Cu | 9,0 | -1,662 | +0,337 | |
Fe Mn | 3,5 | -0,440 | -1,180 | |
Cr Pb | 7,0 | -0, 744 | -0,126 | |
Be Zn | 8,5 | -1,847 | -0,763 | |
Au Ni | 0,5 | +1,498 | -0,250 |
79 86 D rG0 ( DrH0T DrS0T ).
/ | S 0298,, /(×) | DfH 0298, / | S 0298,, /(×) | T, | ||
Ni | 29,9 | NiO | - 239,7 | 38,0 | ||
Cu | 33,1 | CuO | - 162,0 | 42,6 | ||
Cd | 51,7 | CdO | - 259,0 | 54,8 | ||
Fe | 27,1 | Fe2O3 | - 822,1 | 87,4 | ||
Ag | 42,5 | Ag2O | - 30,5 | 121,7 | ||
Al | 28,3 | Al2O3 | - 1676,0 | 50,9 | ||
Mg | 32,7 | MgO | - 601,5 | 27,1 | ||
Cr | 23,6 | Cr2O3 | - 1140,5 | 81,2 |
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87 100 rS, r G r , = 298 , ( / ) , : D r S = zF ( / ) , D r = - zF [ - ( / ) ], z , , F .
/ | , | (/) , ×-1 | |
d + PbCl2 = CdCl2 + Pb | 0,188 | - 4,8×10-4 | |
CuAc2 + Pb = PbAc2 + Cu | 0,480 | - 4,1×10-4 | |
Pb + 2AgCl = PbCl2 + 2Ag | 0,490 | - 1,86×10-4 | |
3H2 + Bi2O3 = 2Bi + 3H2O | 0,385 | - 3,9×10-4 | |
d + Hg2SO4 = dSO4 + 2g | 1,018 | - 4,45×10-5 | |
Ag + 1/2Cl2 = AgCl | 1,132 | - 4,77×10-4 | |
Pb + 2AgI = PbI2 + 2Ag | 0,211 | - 1,38×10-4 | |
Zn + 2AgCl = Z nCl2 + 2Ag | 1,015 | - 4,02×10-4 | |
Pb + Hg2SO4 = PbSO4 + 2g | 0,968 | + 1,85×10-4 | |
Pb + Hg2Cl2 = PbCl2 + 2g | 0,535 | + 1,45×10-4 | |
Zn + CuSO4 = Cu + ZnSO4 | 1,093 | - 4,30×10-4 | |
2Ag + Hg2Cl2 = 2g + 2AgCl | 0,046 | + 3,38×10-4 | |
Hg2Cl2 + 2 = Hg2O + 2Cl + H2O | 0,154 | + 8,37×10-4 | |
Pb+u(3)2 = Cu+Pb(3)2 | 0,480 | + 4,10×10-4 |