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Waste biomass is a cheap and relatively abundant source of electrons for microbes capable of producing electrical current outside the cell. Rapidly developing microbial electrochemical technologies, such as microbial fuel cells, are part of a diverse platform of future sustainable energy and chemical production technologies. We review the key advances that will enable the use of exoelectrogenic microorganisms to generate biofuels, hydrogen gas, methane, and other valuable inorganic and organic chemicals. Capturing part of this energy would provide a new source of electrical power. Furthermore, agricultural practices could be modified to annually produce an additional 1.34 billion tons of biomass for energy production, without affecting food production, which is equivalent to more than 600 GW of continuous power. These different sources of waste organic matter can be a rich resource for energy production if we can develop cost-effective methods for harnessing this energy.

How Do Microorganisms Generate Electricity from Organic Matter?

The use of exoelectrogenic microorganisms in MFCs allows electrical power generation from nearly any source of biodegradable organic or inorganic matter in water that does not directly require oxygen as a part of the degradation process.

These organic sources include simple molecules such as acetate, ethanol, glucose, and hydrogen gas; polymers such as polysaccharides, proteins, and cellulose; and many types of wastewaters from domestic, food processing, and animal sources.

Technologies for Wastewater Treatment.

Current wastewater treatment processes have their bases in processes developed over a hundred years ago, and, although there have been incremental advances, new paradigm-changing approaches are needed to enable substantial energy recovery. In theory, the direct generation of electricity in METs can be similar to conventional fuel cells and lead to very high energy efficiencies because they do not have Carnot cycle limitations inherent in combustion processes. The maximum power densities produced in MFCs using domestic wastewater alone (without other energy sources) have reached 12 W m3, equivalent to 0.07 kWh m3. This energy recovery is low considering that domestic wastewater contains ~2 kWh m3. Globally, up to 980 GW of power could be harvested from salinity gradient energy where freshwater flows into the sea.

What Are the Prospects for Scaling Up and Commercialization?

MFCs and MECs are exciting but nascent technologies, with many opportunities and challenges for successful applications. One key factor for commercial success of these technologies will likely be lowering the cost of electrodes and associated materials to enable recovery of capital costs within only a few years.

Rising costs for producing electrical power coupled with incentives for carbon-neutral processes could bring these systems into practice, with sufficient investment, in the near future. Several companies are now in the process of commercializing MFCs and MECs for various applications, including wastewater treatment and the production of biochemicals, caustic solutions, and hydrogen peroxide solutions. The main challenge of using MFCs as a stand-alone method for electrical power generation is the low value of electricity. For the same reason, it may be difficult to realize a profit on investment by using MFCs as a stand-alone method of wastewater treatment because of little profit that can be made from producing electricity.

 

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1. http://www.awmc.uq.edu.au

 





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