1
: Audacity
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-, (, ). : . .
1.1.1 [digitized sound files] , ("") , (") . [sampling], - [pulse code]. , , . : .
- . :
- -
- --
:
- , ( )[sample] ("") , , - () - () . (8 16 ). (), () . [quantizing].
- [Sample size] , . . , (signal-to-noise-ratio). , . .
- [sampling rate] , , . . , . . . .
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( 24/192; 16/48) - . , , , . 3 :
- (WAV, AIFF, WAVE)
- (APE, FLAC)
- , (mp3, ogg, acc, WNA)
[files with heading] . , , : ; (8 16); (1) (2); ASCII-, ; ; ; ; .
(GoldWave, Cool Ed it) . : , , . () (.wav,.voc). .voc VOCHDR, B.wav VOC2WAV (VOCHDR VOC2WAV Sound Blaster 16).
1.1.2 [song file, music file] , , . , . , Sound Blaster 16 20- . . , , . , , , , , . . , .
:
- FM- [FM-synthesis] , . (, . .);
- wavetabI- [wavetable-synthesis] " ": . . ( ).
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.mod Amiga, : IBM-, Macintosh, SPARCstation. (samples) .mod 8-, , ; 10 , . ("" ). 31 , 128 ( ). MIDI FM- wavetable- (wavetable- , SoundBlaster AWE32).
AA (Audible Audio Book File) , Audible. , , Audible iTunes. digital pitch, , , internet.
AAC (Advanced Audio Coding) - , Mp3 . ALAC. AAC MPEG4. mp3, AAC MDST ( ) , , MP3 . AAC : [.m4a],[.m4b],[.m4p].
AAC , , . , , , .
2009 , MP3 . AAC (Advanced Audio Coding) MP3 . AAC, ISO/IEC 13818-7, 1997 , , MPEG-2. AAC, MPEG-4 3.
AAC MP3:
- 48 ;
- , ;
- 8 96 (MP3: 8 48 );
- Joint stereo.
ADX , CRI Middleware . , , . SEGA Dreamcast PlayStation 2 GameCube.
MP3, ( ). ADPCM , ́ ; , ADPCM, , , , 4 . , .
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AIFF Macintosh. - Macintosh, . 8- 16- . Mac-Binary, . Mac-Binary, , , aif. Mac-Binary, Sound Forge , Macintosh Resource (. ). , , snd. Macintosh Mac-Binary. , , Mac OS . Macintosh , : , , , .
AMR (Adaptive multi rate) [.amr] . , . ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute). AMR . AMR / , .
APE (Monkeys Audio) [.ape] . (lossless). Monkeys Audio Microsoft Windows, MacOS, Linux, BeOS. Monkeys Audio :.ape .apl . , .. .
Apple Lossless [.m4a] , Apple Inc, . Apple Lossless MP4 .m4a. Apple Lossless , AAC, AAC, Lossless , FLAC . iPod ( shuffle) Apple Lossless. - (DRM), , , , DRM ALAC.
, ALAC 40 % 60 % , Lossless . , , , , iPod.
Apple Lossless Encoder QuickTime 6.5.1 28 2004 iTunes 4.5. AirPort Express AirTunes .
Apple Lossless libavcodec. , , VLC MPlayer, Apple Lossless .
CDDA (Compact Disc Digital Audio) -, -, Philips Sony. - 44,1 1411,2 /, 16 .
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Red Book:
- 79,8 ;
- 4 ( 2- );
- 99;
- ( ) 99 ;
- International Standard Recording Code (ISRC).
DTS (Digital Theater System), DolbyDigital, . DTS , Dolby, , DVD , DTS DD.
DTS , . , (DTS DolbyDigital) . DTS , Dolby, . DTS DolbyDigital . DTSStereo DolbySurround. DTS 5.1-, 7.1- . DTS (1509,75 /).
FLAC ( Ogg) [.flac] (. Free Lossless Audio Codec - ) . Ogg Vorbis, MP3 AAC, FLAC , . FLAC . , ID3v1 ID3v2, .
MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) . .
, , , , ., . , , . MIDI , , , , , ..
MIDI- , . () MIDI .
MP2 (MPEG-1 Audio Layer II Musicam) [.mp2] ( 2) , MPEG-1. DAB Video CD, 90- - DVD.
MPEG-1 Audio Layer 2 MUSICAM (Masking pattern adapted Universal Subband Integrated Coding And Multiplexing ), CCETT, Philips IRT 1989 EUREKA 147 , . MPEG-1 Audio MUSICAM, , , .. , , MUSICAM MPEG-1 Layer II.
MP3 (MPEG Layer 3) [.mp3] - MPEG -. MP3 . . , -, DVD-.
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MP3 , , ( ), . MP3 128 / , 1/10 CD. MP3 , -. , . . , , . , JPEG. , 320 kbps, , FLAC, ~1000 kbps.
MusePack [.mpc] , GNUGeneralPublicLicense.
Musepack , subband-. , VBR- ( ). Musepack .
, : MP3, Vorbis, AAC, AC3, WMA dct-, , . MusePack dct-, 180.
AAC , Musepack , , . MP3 , , , (MDCT ) () ( ). MPC ( ) () . MPC.
MOD Amiga. MOD real , , - MIDI. Cj , MOD, , , , , , , , . MOD, .mod. , cj . : , ..
OGG [.ogv], [.oga], [.ogx], [.ogg] , Xiph.Org, , . , Xiph.Org, Ogg , .
Ogg . , . Ogg , . , , .
Ogg ( MPEG-4, Dirac, MP3 ).
RealAudio [.ra], [.ram] , RealNetworksProductsandServices.RealAudio RealAudio 10, .
, . . MicrosoftWindows, Macintosh GNU/Linux.
RKAU [.rka] RKAU . - ( 25kB!) . - , (lossless), , , lossless-, . , rkau , ( MP3, MP+, AAC ), . , , , . . , : , .
rkau . , . - (25kB) lossless- rkau . lossless- OptimFROG, , rkau . , rkau lossless-, , (MP3, MP+, AAC, VQF ). MPEG- , .
Shorten [.shn] , . CD-,tpgjnthm (44,1 , 16 , PCM). , , Shorten .
Speex [.spx] , -- (VoIP). BSD ( ). Speex Ogg, UDP/RTP.
, , Vorbis, , Speex . , , , .
Speex CodeExcitedLinearPrediction (CELP)-, , . (. . ). ( -). CELP- . . , - .
Speex 20 (160 8 ). , 5 . ( ), . , , Speex , . , , .
, Speex . Speex : ( 32 ), (16 ) (8 ).
TAK (Tomslossless Audio Kompressor) [.tak] . . c , : Winamp, foobar2000 . Thomas Becker, . . 1.0 26 2007 .
( 1.1.1) , hydrogenaudio.org, ( FLAC WavPack)
TTA (True Audio) , , . , . 30 % 70 % , original music file. TTA ID3v1 ID3v2. True Audio , 20 audio CD DVD-R .
TwinVQ (Transform-domain Weighted Interleave Vector Quanization) ), NTTHumanInterfaceLabolatories.
VQF- 30-35 % , MP3, . 128 / MP3 80 / VQF. . 30 % , MP3. , .
VQF ( ). VQF 2-3 MP3 15 . , , VQF MP3.
VQF (Interleave Vector Quanization) TwinVQ. VQF MP3, 30-50% , . VQF MP3 . , (decoder) VQF, 30% PC, Mp3 .
TwinVQ ( ). TwinVQ 2-3 MP3 15 . , , TwinVQ MP3.
Vorbis [.ogg] , 2002 . AAC, AC3 VQF, MP3. , Vorbis, MP3 , , .
Ogg Vorbis , - , 1 kbps. , , 500 1000 /. 2 192 .
Vorbis Xiphophorus , . , MP3, Ogg Vorbis (Microsoft Windows, Linux, Apple Mac OS, PocketPC, Palm, Symbian, DOS, FreeBSD, BeOS .), . , .
WAV (Waveform audio format) [.wav], [.wave] IBM. (- -) . CD- ( 44,1 ) 60 44100 2 = 5 292 000 . 8 16 . , 8 , 42 336 000 = 5 292 000 ( 5 ).
WavPack [.wv], [.wv] c . .
WavPack ( ) 8-, 16-, 24- 32- .WAV . (sampling rate). , , 30 % 70 % , .
WavPack , : , (, ) (.WV), , (.WVC), ( .WV) . , .
WMA (Windows Media Audio) [.wma] , Microsoft -. WMA MP3, Microsoft AAC ( iTunes).
WMA , MP3 Ogg Vorbis AAC. , , MP3 , Microsoft. ( ) . WMA . / WMA , , , . ( : MP3, , ; MP3 .) , , .
WMA MP3. ( ).
Microsoft WMA (DRM) ( ). , , .
, Windows Media Audio 9.1, . lossless, .