1. Число банкротств в регионе достигло 180 в прошлом году (total).
2. Убытки компании достигли 3 млн. долларов (total).
3. Всего 10 студентов записалось на этот курс (total).
4. Всего их там было, вероятно, около 20 человек (total, about).
5. Весь проект будет стоить около 200,000 долларов (around).
6. Наш самолет приземлится приблизительно через 20 минут (approximately).
7. Половина студентов сдали экзамен успешно (half).
8. Выпуск низкокачественной продукции сократился наполовину (by half).
9. Когда мы проводили интервью с нашими студентами, почти половина из них жаловались на стресс (nearly half of them).
Average: several quantities divided by the total number
Of quantities
When “average” is used as a noun (N), it denotes:
1) the amount, the level that is typical of a group of people or things.
e.g. The murder rate in the city has risen to four times the national average.
2) the amount calculated by adding together several quantities, and then dividing this amount by the total number of quantities.
e.g. In the years between 1997 and 2003 the economy of this country grew at an average of nearly 5 % per year.
When “average” is used as a verb (V), it denotes that something usually happens a particular number of times or is calculated as the average of figures.
e.g. Inflation averaged just under 2.8 % per year.
e.g. The rate of growth was averaged over a period of five years.
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Exercise 10. Translate into Russian giving special attention to the word “average” used as N, V, Adv, and Adj.
1. Incomes here are nowhere near the national average.
2. The December figures brought the annual average for 2003 up to 10.6 per cent.
3. “It takes an average of nine months to get a Green Card application processed”, said the embassy official.
4. On average, women live between five and seven years longer than men.
5. The airport averages about three hundred flights a month.
6. The water in the lake is not particularly deep, averaging about 10 meters.
7. Training costs for last year averaged out at 30,000 roubles per trainee.
8. Our office receives 20 business letters a day on average.
9. There was nothing special about the film – it was only average.
10. Average earnings in the country about $500 a month.
11. Wages for industrial workers have increased by an average of 7.5 %.
12. The cars were being sold at an average price of $11,000.
13. The age of the candidates ranged from 29 to 49 with an average age of 39.
14. The last winter was much colder than average.
15. As an average American I have an average-size front garden and a large rear garden.
NUMERICAL, STATISTICAL OR GRAPHICAL DATA
IN ECONOMICS
Scan TEXT A (read it for specific information) to answer the following questions:
1. What is the basic difference between ‘statistics’ and ‘econometrics?
2. Did vital statistics exist in the ancient Greece? When did it begin in England?
3. What does statistics help you to avoid?
4. Is statistics always reliable? Do you agree with the remark made by Mark Twain about unreliability of statistics?
TEXT A
