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Text 10.




1921 . . , . , , . . , , , , , . .

8 45 000 . 500 . , , . , . . . 16 17 . 30 000 . , . 2000 . . , . .

 

Text 11. THE KRONSHTADT MUTINY

In 1921 Kronshtadt was the scene of a short-lived mutiny against the Bolsheviks, one of the last overt signs of opposition to the revolution until perestroika (restructure). The Red Army sailors stationed there, ironically, were the most revolutionary, pro-Bolshevik element in 1917; Trotsky called them the pride and glory of the Russian Revolution.

Four years later, hungry and poor, the sailors set up a Provisional Revolutionary Committee and drafted a resolution demanding, among other things, an end to Lenins harsh War Communism. Red Army attempts to stifle the mutiny were at first repulsed, but on 16 March 1921 the mutineers were defeated when 50,000 troops crossed the ice from Petrograd and massacred nearly the entire naval force. Though bloodily suppressed, the event did cause Lenin to relax state pressure and scrap War Communism, marking the end of the Russian revolutionary movement.

Text 12.

1776 , III . 1781 . , , , . . . , ! . 1970- : , . , .

. : ( ). I. I XVIII . . , , III .

1917 . . 25 . , . . , 31 , , .

, . . - . 1985 .

 

Text 13. GATCHINA ()

 

Notable for its weathered limestone exterior, much less florid than other imperial palaces, Gatchina, 45 km southwest of St Petersburg, was a gift from Catherine the Great to her lover Grigory Orlov for helping her get rid of her husband Peter III. It was later passed on to Catherine and Peters son Paul I.

Gutted during WWII, only a small portion of the palace, which is shaped in a graceful curve around a central turret, has been reopened since restoration work began in 1985. The handful of state rooms on the first floor are impressive, as is the small chapel still under restoration. The most interesting feature is a 135 m-long tunnel running from the palace cellar to the ornamental lake; the entrance is beside the small exhibition of antique firearms.

The best reason for coming here is to wander around the attractive park which has many winding paths through birch groves and across bridges to islands in the lake. Look out for the Birch House (Beriozoy Dom), with a facade made of birch logs, and the ruined Eagle Pavilion (Pavilion Orla).

In the nearby town there are a couple of interesting churches. The baroque Pavlovsky Sobor (ul Sobornaya), at the end of the main pedestrianised shopping street, has grandly restored interior with a soaring central dome. A short walk west is the Pokrovsky Sobor, a redbrick building with bright blue domes.

Hungry? Take your pick from either Dom Khleba (ul Sobornaya 2; ¸ 8am-8pm), a good bakery and café thats handy for a snack or for picnic supplies, or Kafe Piramida (ul Sobornaya 3A; mains R80; ¸ 10am-11pm), a publike place serving simple Russian meals with some outdoor seats on the pedestrian street.

Infrequent suburban trains run to Gatchina (R30, one hour) from Baltisky vokzal. The palace is a couple of hundred meters directly east of the station. It is easier to take the metro to Moskovskaya vokzal and then hop on express bus K18 (R25, 40 mins) which runs roughly every half-hour to the palace entrance. Alternatively there are several marshrutky (R30, 40 mins) shuttling between Moskovskaya vokzal and Gatchina, stopping along pr 25 Oktyabrya from where the park and palace are immediately to the west.






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