1. Why is there always the risk of a blowout?
2. How do you understand the term a wild well?
3. What is ground barite used for?
4. Why is gas set ablaze in the flare pit?
5. What is the bottom-hole assembly used for?
6. What is a drilling complex?
7. What is a drilling rig?
8. What components do modern drilling rigs include?
EXERCISE 15 Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones with the right information and discuss your answers with a partner.
1. Reciprocating is a method to drill a well.
2. The tool used to determine stuck points is called sticking.
3. Blowouts occur during drilling through formations with relatively high pressure exceeding wash fluid pressure.
4. Blowout preventer is a device installed on casing head to prevent potential blowouts from the well.
5. Pipe rams are designed to close space inside tubing.
EXERCISE 16 Connect the terms with their definitions.
| 1. Blowout | a) a tool placed above the bit along the bottom hole assembly in order to control hole deviation and prevent differential sticking. |
| 2.Blowout preventer | b) change of drilling direction in order to reach target |
| 3.Stabilizer | c) sudden overshoot of oil and gas under pressure from the well that may result in serious damage to equipment, fire, explosion, death and oil spill. |
| 4.Pipe rams | d) a tool placed along the casing joint to limit the movement of centralizes while the casing is run or reciprocated. |
| 5.Well deviation | e) a device for well emergency shut in when there is a danger of oil and gas blowout. |
| 6.Stop-collar | f) a type of BOP rams designed to close annular around drill pipe or tubing. |
EXERCISE 17 Make up dialogues on the topics:
1. Straight hole drilling
2. Blowout control
3. Well drilling equipment
CHAPTER V
WELL DESIGN AND WELL HEAD EQUIPMENT
EXERCISE 1 Read and translate the text "Drilling Rig Components".
Drilling Rig Components
Once the equipment is at the site, the rig is set up. Here are the major systems of a land rig:
1. Power system
Large diesel engines - burn diesel fuel oil to provide the main source power;
Electrical generators - powered by the diesel engines to provide electrical power;
2. Mechanical system
Hoisting system - used for lifting heavy loads; consists of a mechanical winch (drawworks) with a large steel cable spool, a block-and-tackle pulley and a receiving storage reel for the cable;
Turntable - part of the drilling apparatus
3. Rotating equipment
Swivel - large handle that holds the weight of the drill string; allows the string to rotate and makes a pressure- tight seal on the hole;
Kelly- four\six-sided pipe that transfer rotary motion to the turntable and drill string;
Turntable (rotary table) - drives the rotating motion using power from electric motors;
Drill string - consists of drill pipe (connected sections of about 30ft\10m) and drill collars (large diameter, heavier pipe that fits around the drill pipe and places weight on the drill bit);
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Drill bit - end of the drill that actually cuts the rock;
4. Casing - large-diameter concrete pipe that lines the drill hole; prevents the hole from collapsing and allows drilling mud to circulate
5. Circulation system - pumps drilling mud (mixture of water, clay and weighting material and chemicals; used to lift rock cuttings from the drill bit to the surface) under pressure through the kelly, rotary table drill pipes and drill collars:
Pump- sucks mud from the mud pits and pumps it to the drilling apparatus;
Pipes and hoses - connects pump to drilling apparatus;
Mud-return line - return mud from hole;
Shale-shaker- shaker\ sieve that separates rock cuttings from the mud;
Shale slide - conveys cuttings to the reserve pit;
Reserve pit - collects rock cuttings separated from the mud;
Mud pits - where drilling mud is mixed and recycled;
Mud-mixing hopper - where new mud is mixed and then sent to the mud pits
6. Derrick - support structure that holds the drilling apparatus: tall enough to allow new sections of drill pipe to be added to the drilling apparatus as drilling progresses
7. Blowout preventer - high-pressure valves (located under the land rig) that relieve pressure when necessary to prevent a blowout (uncontrolled gush of gas or oil to the surface, often associated with fire).
