1, 2
2011
811.111:378.147
81.2 : 74.58
76
, __ __________ 2011 .
.
: .. , ...
: ..., .. .
: . , ..., .. .
1 2, .
:
| 1 2 | I |
| 3 4 | II |
| 5 6 | III |
| 7 8 | IV |
| 9 0 | V |
, : 1 2.
. ( ) ( ).
, .
, , .
, .
- . . , 1.
.
.
1
I
1
(. I ) :
live, in the village, I
2
, to be , (. IV 3 ):
1. This farm is in the Non-Black Soil zone of the country.
2. This farm is to grow new crop varieties.
|
|
|
3
, : ., (. II IV 4):
1. The student learns at the Agrarian University.
2. The students learn at the Agrarian University.
4
- (Future Indefinite) , (. IV 4.):
1. The farm is building a new hothouse.
2. The farm will build a new hothouse.
5
, - (. IV 4, 4, 4.):
This farm raises flax.
6
, - (. IV 4, 4, 4.):
1. The farmers are harvesting the crop.
2. He will become a forester after graduating from the University.
3. The tractor drivers have plowed the field.
7
. (. ):
The one-crop system has impoverished the soil. The farms are to alternate cotton with another crop. This will restore the fertility or the soil.
II
1
(. I ) :
in the field, farmers, work.
2
, to have , (. IV 3 ):
1. The farmers have to work hard in spring.
2. The farmers have a lot of work in spring.
3
, : ., (. II IV 4):
1. His sons work in agriculture on the native land.
2. His son works in agriculture on the native land.
4
- (Future Indefinite) , (. IV 4.):
1. This farm has bought new farm machines.
2. This farm will Buy new farm machines.
5
, - (. IV 4, 4, 4.):
The use of those tractors had increased the amount of timber produced by the end of the year.
6
, - (. IV 4, 4, 4.):
1. The farmers will harvest the crop.
2. The farmers are harvesting the crop.
3. The farmers have harvested the crop.
7
(. ):
The number of farmers in that country has reduced. This influences the production of grain, vegetables and fruit. The people of the country are not consuming enough because they are not producing much grain, vegetables and fruit.
III
1
(. I ) :
|
|
|
a mechanic, engines, repairs
2
, to be , (. IV 3):
1. Russian engineers are to design new farm machines.
2. The Russian engineers are at the exhibition of new farm machines in Canada.
3
, : ., (. II IV 4.):
1. The farm goes over to a new system of wages.
2. The farms go over to a new system of wages.
4
- (Future Indefinite) , (. IV 4.):
1. The veterinarian will examine the horses.
2. The veterinarian is examining the horses.
5
, - (. IV 4, 4, 4.):
The farmers are harvesting the crop.
6
, - (. IV 4, 4, 4.):
1. His son is working in the field.
2. This farm raises flax.
3. He has become a forester after graduating from the University.
7
(. ):
The farm grows vegetables. The agronomists have introduced an advanced technology in vegetable growing. The wages of the workers will depend on the quantity and quality of the produce.
IV
1
(. I ) :
cattle, they, breed.
2
, to be , (. IV 3 .).
1. This farm is in the Non-Black Soil Zone of the country.
2. This farm is to grow new crop varieties.
3
, : ., (. II IV 4.):
1. The farm goes over to a new system of wages.
2. The farms go over to a new system of wages.
4
- (Future indefinite) , (. IV 4.):
1. The tractor drivers have plowed the field.
2. The tractor drivers will plow the field.
5
, - (. IV 4, 4, 4.):
They are helping the farm in the construction of the dairy farm.
6
, - (. IV 4, 4, 4.):
1. The sons of the manager work in agriculture on the native land.
2. The family farm has harvested the crop.
3. They are helping in the construction of the cowshed.
7
(. ):
This farm grows potatoes, root crops, maize and grain, and breeds cattle and pigs. It has introduced modern methods of management. The income of the farm is to increase greatly.
V
1
(. I ) :
grow, vegetables, we.
2
, to have , (. IV 3):
1. The team has two grain harvesters.
2. The team has to use the old grain harvester too.
|
|
|
3
, : ., (. II IV 4):
3. His sons work in agriculture on the native land.
4. His son works in agriculture on the native land.
4
- (Future Indefinite) , (. IV 4.):
1. He has become a forester after graduating from the University.
2. He will become a forester after graduating from the University.
5
, - (. IV 4, 4, 4.):
The scientists have bred a new kind of sheep.
6
, - (. IV 4, 4, 4.):
1. A tractor driver plows the field.
2. The tractor drivers have plowed the field.
3. The tractor drivers are plowing the field.
7
(. ):
The team has gone over to new methods of farming. In conditions of self-financing the farmers have to work hard. Their earnings will depend on the end result.
1.
. : .
( ), , .. : ? ?
( ), , , : ? () ?
| . | Studentslearn English. |
| . | Weread books. |
, :
| . | These studentsstudy at the Agrarian University. |
| . | Wework in the fields. |
II.
, , , , , : ( ) ( - s).
| The student worked on the farm. | . |
| The student s worked on the farm s. | . |
: a, an ( ), the ( ). , .
| I work on a farm. | . |
| He was an engineer five years ago, now he is a businessman. | 5 , . |
| The agronomists work in the field. | . |
III.
:
| I study at the Agrarian University. | . |
| You are a good friend. | . |
| He is an economist. | . |
| She worked on a collective farm in 1980. | 1980 . |
| It (the apple) is on the table. | () . |
| We grow vegetables. | . |
| You are good friends. | . |
| They live in a village. | . |
|
|
|
IV.
1. .
, , 4 :
| I | II | III | IV |
| ( ) | ( ) |
II III .
II III ed. -, .
:
| I | II | III | IV |
| To plant | Plant ed | plant ed | plant ing |
| To grow | Grew | grown | grow ing |
, I to, IV ing ; II III - ed, II III .
4 .
3 . 4 to be, to have, to do. , :
| I | II | III | IV |
| to be (am, is, are) | Was, were | been | being |
| to have (have, has) | had | had | having |
| to do (do, does) | did | done | doing |
3 . , , . to be, to have, to do , . , .
3 . to be, to have, to do , , :
| The agronomist was in the field. | . |
| The team has three tractors. | . |
| The economists do their work well. | . |
3 . to be, to have to, to be to have , ..
| The student is to go the library. | . |
| Russian engineers are to design new farm machines. | . |
| She has to work hard. | . |
| The farm had to grow this crop. | . |
4. , to be, to have, to do , . ( , . IV-1) .
-. , : (Indefinite Tenses), (Continuous Tenses), (Perfect Tenses).
(Present), (Past) (Future) .
4. (Indefinite Tenses) .
I II .
(Present Indefinite Tense) to, - s:
| I work on a farm. | . |
| He work s on a farm. | . |
| She work s on a farm. | . |
| We work on a farm. | . |
| You work on a farm. | . |
| They work on a farm. | . |
| I am a student. | . |
| She i s a student. | / . |
| We are students. | . |
(Past Indefinite Tense) II :
| We used new tractors. | . |
| He used a new method of work. | . |
| They grew potatoes. | . |
| They were in the field yesterday. | . |
to do:
They do not work on a farm.
Do you work on a farm?
He does not work on a farm.
Does she work on a farm?
|
|
|
We did not use new methods of work.
Did you use new methods of work?
(Future Indefinite Tense) I to, will:
| They will breed cattle. | . |
| He will learn cattle-breeding. | . |
| Will he learn crop-growing? | ? |
| She will not work in Ufa. | . |
| She will live in a village. | . |
| She will be an economist. | . / . |
4 . (Continuous Tenses) .
to be IV .
.
(Present Continuous Tense) - to be (. IV 3.) IV :
| We are building a new hothouse. | (). |
| I am reading an American journal. | (). |
| She is speaking about new methods of farming | . |
| He is speaking about new methods of tillage | . |
| The tractor drivers are plowing the field. | (). |
| The veterinarian is examining their cow. | . |
(Past Continuous Tense) to be (. IV 3.) IV :
| She was speaking about new methods of farming at 5 oclock yesterday. | 5 . |
| They were reading American journals since 3 till 5. | 3 5. |
| The veterinarian was examining a cow when the manager. | , . |
4 . (Perfect Tenses) .
to have III .
.
(Present Perfect Tense) - to have (. IV 3) III :
| We have built a new hothouse. | . |
| The tractor driver has plowed the field. | . |
| The farm has gone over to new methods of management. | . |
| The mechanic has repaired the engine. | . |
(Past Perfect Tense) to have (. IV 3.) III :
| They had built a new hothouse by September 2003. | 2003 . |
| The tractor driver had plowed the field before the agronomist came. | . |
, .
| i: | |
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| e | , |
| æ | , ; |
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| Ɔ | |
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| Λ | , ; Λ |
| Ə | , Λ. |
| Ə: | (, Ը), . |
| ei | Ɔi | ||
| ou | i Ə | ||
| ai | ƐƏ | ||
| au | u Ə |
.
| p | |
| b | |
| m | |
| w | , , |
| f | |
| v | |
| θ ( ) | , , - |
| ð ( ) | |
| s | |
| z | |
| t | , () |
| d | , () |
| n | , () |
| l | , () |
| r | , , ( , , , ) |
| ∫ | |
| t∫ | |
| d | , , |
| k | |
| g | |
| ŋ | (.. , , ) |
| h | |
| j |
| A a | [ei] | V v | [vi:] | |
| B b | [bi:] | W w | [dΛblju:] | |
| C c | [si:] | X x | [eks] | |
| D d | [di:] | Y y | [wai] | |
| E e | [i:] | Z z | [zed] | |
| F f | [ef] | |||
| G g | [di:] | |||
| H h | [eit∫] | |||
| I i | [ai] | |||
| J j | [dei] | |||
| K k | [kei] | |||
| L l | [el] | |||
| M m | [em] | |||
| N n | [en] | |||
| O o | [ou] | |||
| P p | [pi:] | |||
| Q q | [kju:] | |||
| R r | [α:] | |||
| S s | [es] | |||
| T t | [ti:] | |||
| U u | [ju:] |
2
I
1
. Great Britain, , .
. : ?
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
Great Britain
Great Britain consists of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The total area of the country is 244 thousand square kilometres.
Great Britain has a mild and temperate climate. It is not very cold on winter months and it is not very hot in summer months. The climate is very good for vegetable farming, sheep breeding and cattle farming.
The chief agricultural products of Great Britain are wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, sugar beet, milk and meat.
The farmers grow wheat in the east of England. Vegetables are grown in all parts of England. Potatoes are grown in England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland.
The horticultural industry of Great Britain produces different fruits, vegetables and flower crops.
The south of England was often called the Garden of England, as the farmers grew apples, pears, cherries and other fruits there.
Scotland has large raspberry plantations. Strawberries and black-currants are widely grown in Great Britain.
Great Britain has a long tradition of sheep production. England and Scotland have many sheep farms and cattle farms where meat, milk, butter and cheese are produced. Pig farms are numerous in the country. The British poultry industry is growing rapidly. Chickens and eggs are produced to meet the needs of the population. Half of the food is produced by the British agriculture, and Great Britain has to bring much food from abroad. Wheat, tea, fruit, meat, butter and wool are imported from other countries.
Great Britain is a highly industrialized country and today 28 people work in industry for every one engaged in agriculture.
2
- (Passive Voice), , - , (. IV 5. ):
1. The farmers grow wheat in the east of England.
2. Vegetables are grown in all parts of England.
3
, - :
Potatoes are grown in England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland.
, (. IV - 5):
- Present Indefinite Active
- Present Indefinite Passive
- Past Indefinite Active
- Past Indefinite Passive
4
Great Britain - (Past Indefinite Passive).
- (. IV-5).
5
, : , , , , , (. IV-5.).
6
. (. IV 5.).
7
, , .
.
, - , (. IV 6, 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 .).
8
, (. V). , , : ?, ?, ? ?
9
, : , , , , , . , (. V).
10
, (. V):
1. The climate is very good for vegetable farming.
2. Pig farms are numerous in the country.
3. The agriculture of Great Britain produces different fruits, vegetables and flower crops.
II
1
. Australia, , .
. : ?
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
Australia
Australia is an island continent situated south-east of Asia between the Pacific and Indian oceans. It has an area of 7687 thousand square kilometres.
The climate of Australia varies from warm to subtropical. During the summer months the north-western part of the continent has a temperature of about 26 degrees Centigrade. The climate in the west is very dry, and more than half of Australia gets little rain for any farming except sheep farming in good years.
The animals of Australia are very numerous and some of them are not found in any other country. Sheep and rabbits were brought to Australia from England. Rabbits have increased greatly and people kill them because forty of them can eat as much grass as a sheep.
Agriculture is the main occupation in Australia. Wheat is the countrys principal crop but oats and maize are also cultivated in the south and in the grassland region.
Sugar is produced along the north-east coast, while fruit growing is developed in the south.
Australia is famous for its sheep. In many parts of the country sheep farms produce a lot of wool for export. Cattle farming is also developed in the Northern Territory, along the east coast and in the south.
To the rest of the world Australia is mainly a producer of three things: wool, wheat and gold. But besides these Australia exports minerals, meat, leather, butter, fresh and dried fruits. Most of Australias exports are sent to Japan, which is the main importer of Australian goods, especially wool, wheat and other food products. Australian farmers have to work hard to ensure the export of these products.
2
- (Passive Voice), , - , (. IV 5. ):
1. Sugar is produced along the north-east coast.
2. In many parts of the country sheep farms produce a lot of wool for export.
3
, - :
Cattle farming is also developed in the Northern Territory.
, (. IV - 5):
- Present Indefinite Active
- Present Indefinite Passive
- Past Indefinite Active
- Past Indefinite Passive
4
Australia - (Past Indefinite Passive). - (. IV 5.).
5
, : , ., (. IV-5.).
6
. (. IV-5.).
7
, -. (. IV 6, 6, 6, 6, 6).
8
, (. V). , , : ?, ?, ? ?
9
, : . , (. V).
10
, (. V):
1. Oats and maize are also cultivated in the grassland region.
2. Cattle farming is developed along the east coast.
3. Japan is the main importer of Australian goods, especially wool, wheat and other food products.
III
1
. New Zealand, , .
. : ?
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
New Zealand
New Zealand is situated south-east of Australia and consists of three large and many small islands. The total area of the country is 269 thousand square kilometres.
The climate in New Zealand is warm and almost all the country is well watered. New Zealand has a lot of sunny days and the climate is favorable for farming production.
New Zealand has good forests of evergreen trees, large areas are rich pasture lands.
Native animals are not numerous in the country. The kiwi, a bird which does not fly, is found only in New Zealand. The bird has become the national emblem. Many animals were brought to New Zealand from England.
The climate of New Zealand, with its good rainfalls all year round, makes the country ideal for dairying, sheep farming and cattle breeding. Sheep are the white gold of New Zealand.
The country produces meat and butter. Much of meat products and butter is exported to Europe, especially to Great Britain.
Wheat and vegetables are grown in different parts of the islands and orchards are numerous. Apples are one of the main export products.
As New Zealand has rich forests, it produces much timber. To export timber is very important for the country.
New Zealand has an excellent shipping system. Its leading sea ports are centres of export of butter, cheese, wool, meat and fruit. Textiles, metals, machinery, tea, sugar and wheat are imported to meet the needs of the New Zealand population. About 40 per cent of the countrys imports and exports come from or go to Britain.
2
- (Passive Voice), , - , (. IV 5 ):
1. The country produces meat and butter.
2. Wheat and vegetables are grown in different parts of the islands.
3
, - :
The climate in New Zealand is warm and almost all the country is well watered.
, (. IV-5.):
- Present Indefinite Active
- Present Indefinite Passive
- Past Indefinite Active
- Past Indefinite Passive
4
New Zealand - (Past Indefinite Passive). - (. IV 5.).
5
, : , , , (. IV - 5.).
6
. (. IV 5.).
7
, , .
, - , (. IV 6, 6, 6, 6, 6.).
.
8
, (. V.). , , : ?, ?, ? ?
9
, . , (. V).
10
, (. V):
1. The climate is favourable for farming production.
2. New Zealand has good forests of evergreen trees, large areas are rich pasture lands.
3. The sea ports are centres of export of butter, cheese, wool, meat and fruit.
IV
1
. India, , .
. : ?
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
India
India is a large country situated in Asia. Its area is 3288 thousand square kilometres.
India is an agricultural country. The main crop seasons are autumn, winter and spring. Farmers get about 70 per sent of agricultural products during autumn and winter months.
A large part of Indias agricultural production is supplied by the Gang area. The temperature here is nearly constant all the year round and the farmers raise two or three harvests a year. Wheat, barley, rice and tea are cultivated in this area. Vegetables are grown everywhere in India.
In the Himalayas the farmers grow fruit, rice and tea.
The east of the country is the main rice area. Rice is a very important food crop produced in India. It makes 40 per cent of the total grain production.
India has a long tradition of tea production. To export tea is very important for the national economy. Coffee is one of Indias leading export products. To ensure tea and coffee export Indian farmers have to work hard. India also exports tobacco and sugar.
Different grain crops are produced in India. But it is important to increase the production of food grain, as the population of the country is constantly growing. Indian farmers use modern farm machinery, fertilizers, high-quality seeds.
After India got independence in 1947, the government began radical economic changes. Much attention was paid to agricultural education in India. Now agricultural colleges are playing an important role in accelerating the speed of agricultural development. The country has many agricultural universities, agricultural colleges and veterinary colleges which train skilled farmers. Experts for the national economy of India are also trained in some higher educational establishments of other countries of the world.
2
- (Passive Voice), , , (. IV 5 ):
1. In the Himalayas the farmers grow fruit, rice and tea.
2. Vegetables are grown everywhere in India
3
, - :
A large part of Indias agricultural production is supplied by the Gang area.
, (. IV-5):
- Present Indefinite Active
- Present Indefinite Passive
- Past Indefinite Active
- Past Indefinite Passive
4
India - (Past Indefinite Passive). - (. IV 5.).
5
, : ., (. IV5.).
6
. (. IV-5.).
7
, , .
, - , (. IV 6, 6, 6, 6, 6.).
.
8
, (. V.). , , : ?, ?, ? ?
9
, : , , .. , (. V).
10
, (. V):
1. The east of the country is the main rice area.
2. Rice is a very important food crop.
3. Rice makes 40 per cent of the total grain production.
V
1
. Canada, , .
. : ?
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
Canada
Canada occupies the northern part of the continent of North America and a number of islands. The country has a total area of 9976 thousand square kilometres.
The climate of Canada varies from Arctic climate in the north to moderate climate with summer temperatures up to 33 degrees Centigrade in the east and west.
The north of the country is a cold tundra with great forests to the south; the central plains form the prairies. The prairies are the main farming areas of Canada and one of the worlds best wheat-growing regions. Canadian wheat is known throughout the world.
Besides wheat the countrys main agricultural products are meat, dairy products and leather from the prairie regions. Manitoba is one of the chief agricultural provinces.
Canada has many farms. Each farm is usually run by one family.
Many farmers go in for cattle raising. They have to work hard. Children help the grown-ups.
Milk is processed at milk plants. Milk plants were built right in farm areas when the farmers began to breed cows. Farmers wives and daughters often work there. From the plants milk and butter are sent to cities and towns.
The provinces of Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia, with their great forests, supply wood to produce furniture and paper. Canadas agriculture provides materials for the food industries: wheat, milk and meat products. Its large ports are centres of export of canned meat, furs, timber, paper and machines to many countries. With its many lakes and rivers, Canada is rich in fish, which is exported to Europe and Asia.
2
- (Passive Voice), , , (. IV 5 ):
1. Milk is processed at milk plants.
2. The farmers send milk and butter to cities and towns.
3
, - :
Each farm is usually run by one family.
, (. IV-5):
- Present Indefinite Active
- Present Indefinite Passive
- Past Indefinite Active
- Past Indefinite Passive
4
Canada - (Past Indefinite Passive). - (. IV 5.).
5
, : , , , ., (. IV 5.).
6
. (. IV 5.).
7
, , .
, - , (. IV 6, 6, 6, 6, 6.).
.
8
, (. V.). , , : ?, ?, ? ?
9
, : : , . , (. V).
10
, (. V):
1. Milk is processed at milk plants.
2. The prairies are the main farming areas of Canada.
3. The climate of Canada varies from Arctic climate to moderate climate.
IV ()
[1]
5. (. IV 4, 4, 4, 4.) : (Active Voice) (Passive Voice).
( ), , .. , - (Active Voice).
I -. :
| Heuses a new method. | . |
| The tractor driversplowed the field. | . |
( ), , , .. , - (Passive Voice):
| A new methodis used by him. | . |
| The fieldwas plowed by the tractor drivers. | . |
(Passive Voice) to be (. IV 3. ) III (. IV 1.).
(Present Indefinite Tense) (Past Indefinite Tense).
(Present Indefinite Passive) to be (. IV 3) III :
| A new method is used by him. | . ( .) |
| Vegetables are grown by the farmers. | . ( .) |
