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The main sources of air pollution in the whole world and particularly in Russia are vehicles with internal combustion engines.
One of the ways to make transport environment friendly is to transfer to alternative kinds of fuel. Work on alternative power systems for vehicles has become a high priority for governments and vehicle manufacturers around the world.
In the traditional understanding a pneumatic engine is a machine which converts the energy of the compressed air into mechanic work. Majorly, its the basis for construction tools where pneumatic drive is implemented. But also it is widely used in a motor-car construction. Pneumatic engine can be the driving force for public and industrial transport and also can be a part of hybrid systems.
In hydrogen engines hydrogen can be mixed with natural gas to create an alternative fuel for vehicles that use certain types of internal combustion engines. Hydrogen is also used in fuel-cell vehicles that run on electricity produced by the petrochemical reaction.
The by-products of hydrogen engines work are water and warmth, thats why an engine doesnt pollute the environment. Moreover, hydrogen is a renewable resource; therefore there wont be any problems with fuel supply in the future.
Ethanol is an alcohol-based alternative fuel that is made by fermenting and distilling crops such as corn, barley or wheat. Ethanol can be blended with gasoline to increase octane levels and improve emissions quality.
The new third generation of ethanol engines discharges into the atmosphere 90 percent less carbon dioxide. For example, ethanol engines SCANIA have the same capacity, effectiveness and productivity as diesel engines.
Natural gas is an alternative fuel that burns clean and is already widely available to people in many countries through utilities that provide natural gas to homes and businesses. When used in natural gas vehicles cars and trucks with specially designed engines natural gas produces far fewer harmful emissions than gasoline and diesel do.
Propane also called liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a by-product of natural gas processing and crude oil refining. Already widely used as a fuel for cooking and heating, propane is a popular alternative fuel for vehicles. Propane produces fewer emissions than gasoline, and there is also a highly developed infrastructure for propane transport, storage and distribution.
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel based on vegetable oils or animal fats, even those recycled after restaurants have used them for cooking. Vehicle engines can be converted to burn biodiesel in its pure form, and biodiesel can also be blended with petroleum diesel and used in unmodified engines. Biodiesel is safe, biodegradable, reduces air pollutants associated with vehicle emissions, such as particulate matter, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons.
Electricity can be used as a transportation alternative fuel for battery-powered electric and fuel-cell vehicles. Battery-powered electric vehicles store power in batteries that are recharged by plugging the vehicle into a standard electrical source. Fuel-cell vehicles run on electricity that is produced through an electrochemical reaction that occurs when hydrogen and oxygen are combined. Fuel cells produce electricity without combustion or pollution.
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The Malaysian developers suggested using oxygen and hydrogen received from water by implementing new nanotechnology in order to reduce the volume of traditional gasoline or diesel fuel by introducing them into the combustion period.
On the 12thof June, 2008, during its press conference in Osaka (Japan) the GENEPAX Co Ltd presented the technology of a new engine which uses straight water as a fuel. New fuel cells developed by the company were called Water Energy System (WES). WES can generate electrical energy from water and air using air electrodes.
The result of the research displays a lot of advantages and disadvantages of the alternative type of fuel engines. The main disadvantage is the absence of a developed infrastructure for that type of vehicles. According to this, none of the alternative type of fuel engines can be considered as a relevant replacement for a gasoline and diesel engine.
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Alcohol; alternative, to alter; biodegradable; electrochemical; ethanol; ferment; hybrid; liquid liquefy; Malaysian; monoxide; nature natural; to occur occurrence; petrochemical; pneumatic; processing; propane; pure, purity, purify; to recycle; relevant; renewable; resource; utility; vehicle.
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| straight | oil |
| plugging | dioxide |
| vegetable | system |
| animal | station |
| crude | cell |
| carbon | pollution |
| particulate | friendly |
| octane | engine |
| hybrid | fuel |
| pneumatic | water |
| pure | number |
| fuel | water |
| alternative | oil |
| environment | form |
| internal combustion | fat |
| sound | drive |
5. , :
1.The company has provide d strategic and advisory management consultancyservices to clients i nrailway and related infrastructure sectors from its global offices in the UK, US, Italy, Canada and India. 2. It has a long-term commitment to developing a leading global, multi-sector management consultancy business. 3. There is growing awareness of the significant economic as well as environmental benefits that result from an efficient and well-connected rail network. 4. The scheme is being replicated across the developed rail passenger networks in Europe. 5. South Africa is a country with limited rail services, where a bold decision to develop a brand new high-speedrail system must be taken. 6. Siemens offers sustainable mobility solutions that link various transportation systems. 7. The companys complete mobility concept aims at transporting people and goods with greater efficiency, safety and environmentalfriendliness. 8. The new concept is a revolutionary move away from all-tractionequipment. 9. With a maximum speed of 350km/h, Velaro is the fastest seriesproduction train set in the world. 10. Desiro ML enables operators to implement new, innovative concepts in commuter, regional and inter-regional services.
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6. :
new vehicle platform; subway train; energy-efficient train; lightweight materials;
weight reduction; long service life; low energy requirements; control center; smart traffic solution; passenger information system; global management consultancy; strategic and advisory management consultancy services; railway and related infrastructure sectors; developed rail passenger network; fuel-cell powered engine, alternative power systems; construction tools; a driving force; natural gas; petrochemical reaction; a renewable resource; emissions quality; natural gas vehicles; liquefied petroleum gas; natural gas processing; crude oil refining; biodiesel in its pure form; battery-powered electric and fuel-cell vehicles; standard electrical source; air electrodes; relevant replacement.
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sci-fi car, hi-tech future, AD, BC, cf, ib, NB, am, pm, UV, AC, AC traction, adm, amt, amu, c, vs, viz, QED, pro tem, PS, p a, op cit, loc cit, inf, et al, cc, BPC, WASP, MIT, 24/7, 11/09.
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Nanomaterials can enhance the physical characteristics of a particular kind of
building material. This type of enhancement is a case of incremental nanotechnology, since improvements in such characteristics represent a major products development direction.
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