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2011
Unit 1
THE EARTH
The Earth is a planet. It rotates on its axis, revolves around the Sun and moves with the Sun through space. The Earth gets its warm and light from the Sun. all around the Earth is atmosphere. We breathe it, and it gives us our weather. The air is always moving. The movements of the air make our winds. Small drops of water in the air form clouds. And as the clouds move about they bring us rain and snow and storms.
The equatorial diameter of the Earth is 12,756 kilometers. The Earth is like a sphere, but flat at the poles. This makes a difference of only 43 kilometers between the Earths diameter at the equator and the diameter at the poles.
The terrestrial globe revolves on its axis for 24 hours. When the terrestrial globe faces to the Sun, we can see sunlight and we have day. When terrestrial globe turns away from the Suns light, we have night. When our part begins to turn toward the Sun and we see the first sunlight, we call it morning. When the Earth begins to turn away from the Sun, we have afternoon and evening, and night.
The average speed revolution of the Earth round the Sun is 29,8 kilometers per second. The small eccentricity of the orbit of the Earth does the little difference in its speed, but there is the difference in the length of the seasons because of this variation. The number of days between the beginning of spring and of autumn in the northern hemisphere is 186, but the number of days between the beginning of autumn and the beginning of spring is 179.
The Earth takes 365 ¼ days to travel around the Sun. this makes one year. As the Earth travels around, first one pole then the other is tilted toward the Sun. when the North Pole tilts toward the Sun, the rays of the Sun fall straighter down on the northern half of the world. It is warmer and it has its summer (June, July and August). It also has longer days, because it turns to the Sun more of the time. When the South Pole is toward the Sun, the southern half of the world is warmer, and it has its summer (December, January and February). Then the Northern half is getting less direct sunshine, because it tilts away from the Sun. it has shorter days. It has winter. The seasons between them we call spring and autumn.
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terrestrial globe -
eccentricity
tilt - ()
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
I. Translate the sentences into Russian and define the tense and voice of the Predicate.
1. Considerable changes are currently taking place in the organization of research. 2. Study of the intrinsic properties of materials is going on a large scale. 3. Science is becoming a leading factor of progress of mankind. 4. The world of physical theory is developing at a very high rate. 5. The applications of laser techniques are expanding very rapidly. 6. The holography technique is becoming very popular in electronics. 7. A thorough analysis of these optimal phenomena is still lacking. 8. We are now looking for an optimal solution, since there is a choice. 9. We are now facing a difficult dilemma: either to look for a better approach or to call off the experiments. 10. The body of scientific information is growing at an exponentional rate.
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II. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the Predicates.
1. It takes the Earth 24 hours to rotate round its axis. 2. It takes 540 calories to change one gram of boiling water at 100C into steam at the same temperature. 3. It takes about 80 calories to change one gram of ice at 0C into water at the same temperature. 4. Nothing moves faster then light. It takes light only one second to move 300,000 kilometers. 5. How long does it take you to get home from the Institute? It took me 2 hours to make the last experiment. 7. It will take you about 2 hours to go by air from Kiev to London.
III. Make up sentences using the following Predicates.
1. was boiling. 2. had been lifted . 3. discovered . 4. will be delivered. 5. has been working . 6. has stopped.
IV. Give the Infinitive of the next verbs.
Pattern: began begin
Hung, stood, began, read, fell, froze, gave, were, rose, said, had, came, did, got, grew, knew, made, saw, took, told, was, thought.
V. Translate the following sentences; define the tense and voice of the Predicate.
1. During the last few years we have witnessed remarkable progress in the space research techniques. 2. The idea of direct probing of the universe has become a popular one. 3. Recent experiments concerning these phenomena have focused considerable attention on getting reliable data. 4. In recent years electron microscopy has revealed a lot of important details in the structure of microorganisms. 5. We have recently attempted a study of the feedback mechanism and have found same direct evidence against that widely spread conception. 6. In recent years a considerable number of works have appeared on various problems of elementary particle physics. 7. Our recent work has confirmed the results of Jacobs. 8. The recent advancements in instrumentation have facilitated the solution of this problem, which in the past was only approached by hit and miss methods. 9. In recent years there have been some new developments in this area of limnological studies. 10. During last several years there has been some criticism of this approach to classification of protozoan organisms.
LEXICAL EXERCISES
VI. Translate the following sentences into Russian, pay attention to the words in bold type.
1. It was very difficult in the early days of the atom-smashing to deliver a hit on the nucleus. 2. Storage batteries do not deliver their maximum output at extremely low temperature. 3. A simple radiotelescope consists of a directional antenna, which collects incoming radio waves and delivers the collected energy to a receiver. 4. Radioisotopes constitute a potential danger and we must handle them carefully. 5. Using this device, the Geiger counter is able to handle signal at a rapid rate. 6. It is much more difficult to handle radiation received from reactors in indirect ways.
VII. Translate the terms (noun+noun) into Russian.
Pattern: acceleration factor
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: .
1. picture tube 5. range finder
2. antenna gain 6. fire adjustment
3. wind tunnel 7. water space
4. peak energy 8. load capacity
VIII. From nouns using the suffixes and translate them into Russian.
-ity: equal, human, active(e), relativ(e), productiv(e)
- ness: thick, black, great, rough
-ancy: const(ant)
-ence: differ(ent), depend(ent), pres(ent)
-ency: effici(ent), depend(ent)
-age: us(e), pass, break, leak
GRAMMAR REFERENCES
1. Indefinite
Indefinite Tenses , , , .
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The Present Indefinite ( )
, , , , , 3- , -(e)s.
V1 + (e)s
Present Indefinite , : always, every day, every week, occasionally, sometimes, seldom, rarely, ever, never.
The laboratory assistant always fixes the devices himself
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We often illustrate our lectures with diagrams.
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The Past Indefinite Tense ( )
{Past Indefinite) . ( to) -ed (regular) ; {irregular) , , .
V1 + ed
, .
Past Indefinite , : yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week (spring, year), in the evening, in the morning, in summer, in spring, on Monday, in 1878, 1912.
We measured the water level in the morning.
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The theory of relativity had great important for physicists.
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The Future Indefinite Tense ( )
shall ( 1- ) will ( 2- 3- ) to.
Shall
+ V1
Will
We shall have a new scientific laboratory in a month or two.
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2. Continuous
Continuous , . . , {Present Continuous), - {Past Continuous), {Future Continuous).
The Present Continuous Tense ( )
, , main (to) be , , {Participle I) ( -ing).
Am
Is + Participle I
Are
They are discussing a new plan now.
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The Past Continuous Tense ( )
, , was, were, {Participle I) ( -ing).
Was
+ Participle I
Were
The powerful ventilators were purifying the air in the room for 15 minutes.
15 .
The Future Continuous Tense ( )
, , shall will, (to) be (Participle I) ( -ing).
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Shall
+ be + Participle I
Will
Future Continuous .
At 8 o'clock tomorrow we shall be preparing for a very important experiments.
8 .
Present Continuous to go . , .
They are going to test this machine once more.
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3. Perfect
Perfect , . - , .
The Present Perfect Tense ( )
, , have ( has 3- ), (Participle IT) .
Have
+ Participle II
Has
The experiments have shown that magnesium is the lightest of our engineering metals.
, , .
Present Perfect e ver, never, often, already, yet, today, this week, this month, this year . .
The Past Perfect Tense ( )
, , had, (Participle II) .
Had + Participle II
We had finished our experiment when he came.
, .
The Future Perfect Tense ( )
, , have Future Indefinite (shall have, will have), (Participle IT) .
Shall have
+ Participle II
Will have
The mechanic will have installed the new equipment in our laboratory by the New Year.
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4. Perfect Continuous
Perfect Continuous , () .
Present \ Perfect Continuous Tense.
The Present Perfect Continuous Tense ( )
, , to be Present Perfect (have been, has been) {Participle ) .
Have been
+ Participle I
Has been
We have been building this atomic power station for two year.
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Present Perfect Continuous , : for an hour, for a month, for a long time, since yesterday, lately . .
The Past Perfect Continuous Tense ( )
, - , to be Past Perfect (had been), {Participle ) .
Had been + Participle I
We had been conducting this experiment for two hours before you came.
