The user can write or draw directly on the transparency
whiteboard (more rarely blackboard or green board) is a useful device for spontaneous writing -as in brainstorming, for example. For prepared material the OHE might be more suitable.
Duster is used for cleaning the whiteboard. It ts essential that the duster clean to start with. You may consider carrying your own duster just in case.
Markers are used for writing on the whiteboard (delink-you can emove the inJc) or flipchart (indelible - you cannot remove the inJo They are usually available in blue, red, black and green. Again, it's a good idea to carry a spare set of markets in case you are given some used ones which do not write well.
The flipchart consists of several leaves f paper that you flip or turn ovet. Some people prefer the flipchart to the whiteboard, but its use is to smaller presentations
The Slide projector-which must be used in a darkened room adds certain drama. Some slide projectors can be synchronised with audio-visual (AV)presentations. These projectors are typically used for larger presentations. The majority take 35mm slides or transparencies, but projectors for 6x6cm slides are also available.
Transparencies are projected by an overhead projector or a slide projector onto a screen - in this case a folding screen which can be pads up and transported.
The notebook computer is increasingly being used to display graphics during presentations. It is often used in conjunction with an overhead projectors which actually projects the image from the computer screen onto the v
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Handouts an any documents or samples that you 'hand out' 01 distribute to your audience. Note (hat it is not usually a good idea to distribute handouts before your presentation. The audience will read the handouts instead of listening to you.
Delivery
'Delivery' refers to the way in which you actually deliver or perform or give your presentation. Delivery is a vital aspect of all prescntaoens Delivery bat least as important as content especially in a multi - cultural contest
Nerves
Moat speakers are a little nervous at the beginning of presentation. So it is normal if you are nervous The answer is to pay special attention to
the beginning of your presentation. First impressions count. This is the time when you establish a rapport with your audience. During this time, try to speak slowly and calmly. You should perhaps learn your introduction by heart. After few moments, you will relax and gain confidence.
Audience Rapport
You need to build a warm and friendly relationship with your audience. Enthusiasm is contagious. If you art enthusiastic your audience will be| enthusiastic too. And be careful to establish eye contact with each member of your audience. Each person should feel that you are speaking directly ■ him or her. This means that you must look at each person in turn-in as natural a way as possible. This will also give you the opportunity to detect signs of boredom, disinterest or even disagreement, allowing you to modify your presentation as appropriate.
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Body Language
What you do not say it at least as important as what yoedo saf. Your body is speaking to your audience even before you open your mouth. Your clothes, your walk, your glasses, your haircut, your expression - from these that your audience forms its first impression as you enter theroom. Generally speaking, it is better to stand rather than sit when makinga presentation. Be aware of and avoid any repetitive and trntanug Be aware, too, that the movement of your body is one of our methods control* When you move to or from the whiteboard, for example,you can move fast and slowly, raising or reducing the dynamism within the audience.You can stand very still while talking or you can stroll from side to side. What effect think these two difficult approaches would have on an audience?
CULTURAL COSIDERATIONS
Because English is so widely used around the world, it is quite possible that many members of your audience will not be native English -speakes. In other words, they will not have an Anglo-Saxon culture. Even within the Anglo-Saxon world there are many differences in culture. If we hypothetically imagine a German working for an Israeli company making a presentation m English to a Japanese audience in Korea, we can sec that theft are even more possibilities for cultural misunderstanding. You should try ID learn about any particular cultural matters that may affect your audience. This is one why preparation for your presentation is so important. Cultural differences can also be seen in body language, which we have just discussed. ^ To a Latin from Southern France Italy, presenter who uses his hands and arms when speaking may seem dynamic and friendly To an English the same presenter may seem unsure of his word and lacking in self- confidence
Voice quality
It is, of course, important that your audience be able to hear clearly throughout your presentation. Remember that if you turn away from your audience, for example towards the whiteboard, you need to speak little more loudly, In general you should try to vary your voice. Your voice in at least will then be more interesting for your audience. You can vary voice a i least three ways.
speed: you can speak at normal speed, you cat can *peaJc more slowly and you can stop completely! You can pause Tr a very good technique for gaining your audience'saOentioe.
intonation; you can change the pitch of your voice. You can speak i i tone. You can speak in a low tone.
! volume; you can speak at normal volume,you can speak loudh i speak quietly. Lowering your voice andap Lyour audiencesinterest.
The important point is not to speak In the same, flat, monotones voice throughout your presentation this is the voice that hypnotists use to put their patients into trance.
Visual aids
Of all the information that enters our brains, the vast majority of it enters through the eyes. 80% of what your audience team during your presentation is learned visually (what they see) and only 20% is learned aurally (what they hear). The significance of this is obvious:
visual aids are an extremely effective means of communications
non-nati ve English speakers need not worry so much about spoken English -they can rely more heavily on visual aids
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It is well worth spending time in the creation of good visual aids. But it it equally important not to overload your audience's brain*. Keep the infomiation 1 on each visual aid toa minimum - and give your audience time to look at and bthis information. Remember, your audience have never seen these visual aids before. They need time to study and to understand them, without understanding there is no communication.
Apart from photographs and drawing, some the most useful visual aids are charts and grephs/
Apart from photographs and drawings, some of the most useful visua
s arccharts and graphs, like Uc 3 -dimensional ones. Audience Reaction
Remain calm and polite if you receive difficult or even hostile siions during your presentation. If you receive particularly awkward stions, you might suggest that the questioners ask their questions after r presentation.
We've looked at delivery. Now we'll move on to the language of
In English...
Language
Use short words and short sentences.
Do not use jargon, unless you are certain that your audience pmderstandi it
In general, talk about concrete facts rather than abstract ideas. Use active verbs instead of passive verbs. Active verbs are much easier to understand. They are much more powerful. Consider these two sentences, which say the same thing;
1. Toyota sold two million cars last year.
2. Two million can were sold by Toyota last year.
Which is easier to understand? Which is more immediate? Which is powerful? 1 is active and 2 is passi ve. Language - Presentations.
When you drive on the roads, you know where you are on those pads. Each road has a name or number. Each town has . And ach house has a number. If you are at house 100, you can go back > 50 or forward to 150. You can look at the signposts for di rections. And you can look at your atlas for the structure of the roads. other words, it Is easy to navigate the roads. You cannot get lost. But when you give a presentation how can your audience know where they are? How can they know the structure of your presentation? How can they know what It coming next? They know because you tell them. Because you out up signposts for them, at the beginning and ail along the route. This technique is called sign posting
During your introduction, you should tell your audience what the iructure of your presentation will be. You might say something like this
I will start by describing the current position in Europe. Thenmove on to some of the achievements we've made in Asia. A Her that I 'll consider the opportunities uc lor (ttrthei expansion in Africa. Lastly, I will quickly. recap before concluding with some recommendations "
A member of the audience can now visual/c your presentation 1&*
He will keep this image in his head during the presentation. He mas e\ en write it down. And throughout your presentation, you will put up signrw* telling him which point you have reached and where you are going no* When you finish Europe and want to start Asia, you might say:
"Tint's all I have to say about Europe. Let's turn now to Asia/" When you have finished Africa and w ant to sum up, you might say **¥/, we've looked at the three continents Europe. Asia and \ fries I'd like to sum up now."
And when you finish summing up and want to give your recornmendabcim, might say:
"What does all this mean for us? Well, firstly I recommend...* The table below lists useful expressions that you can use to signpost I various pan of your presentation.
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