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Translation of Phraseological Units




Phraseological units may be classified into three big groups:

phraseological fusions, phraseological unities and phraseological collocations.

Phraseological fusions are usually rendered by interpreting translation: to show the white feather - ; to dine with Duke Humphry - . Sometimes they have word-equivalents: red tape - , to pull one's leg - , .

The meaning of a phraseological fusion may often be rendered by a series of alternative phrases, e.g. to go the whole hog - - , , , ( .).

According to the principles of their translation phraseological unities can be divided into four groups;

1) Phraseological unities having Russian counterparts with the same meaning and simailar images. They can often be traced to the same prototype: biblical, mythological, etc.

All that glitters is not gold. - He , .

As a man sows, so he shall reap. - , .

2) Phraseological unities having the same meaning but expressing it through a-different- image.

buy a pig in a poke. - .

Phraseological units of the source-language sometimes have synonymous equivalents in the target-language. The choice is open to the translator and is often determined by the context.

Between the devil and the deep sea - , ; .

In the absence of a correlated phraseological unity the translator resorts to interpreting translation.

A skeleton in the closet (cupboard) - , , .

Target-language equivalents having a local colour should be avoided. "To carry coals to Newcastle" should not be translated by the Russian - . In this case two solutions are possible: a) to preserve the image of the English phraseological unity - , b) to resort to interpreting translation - .

3) Phraseological unities having no equivalents in Russian are rendered by interpreting translation. Little pitches have long ears. - .

4) Phraseological unities having word equivalents: shake a leg - , hang fire-,,.
Translation of Phraseological Collocations

Phraseological collocations are motivated but they are made up of words possessing specific lexical valency which accounts for a certain degree of stability in such word groups.

They may be translated by corresponding phraseological collocations of the target-language: to take part - , to throw a glance - . They may be also translated by a word (to take part - ) or a free word group (to take one's temperature - ).

 

LECTURE 12

LEXICAL THANSFORMATIONS

There are five types of lexical transformations:

1. Concretization

2. Generalization

3. Antonymic translation

4. Metonymic translation

5. Paraphrasing

Concretization is a most frequent device in translation from English into Russian. There is a large group of English words of wide semantic volume ( ). These words belong to different parts of speech; nouns, adjectives, verbs, e.g. thing; point, stuff, stunt, affair; nice, fine, bad; to say, to go, to get, to come, to involve. As the meaning of such words is relatively vague they can be used in different contents, and their valency is therefore extremely broad. In fact they are sometimes used as mere prop-words. So a context, at least a microcontext (a minimal stretch of speech), is necessary to determine their meaning.

He came in sight of the lodge, a long, low, frowning thing of red brick (A. Wilson). - , , , .

If the Prime Minister's speech made few new points, it was statesmanlike. And if it was stronger in terms of planned policy than of achieved results, this is often the case with political oratory (The Times, 1965). - - , . , , .

"Many English verbs also belong to this group, particularly verbs of motion and verbs of speech." - , - . (... - , ., 1968, . 90.)

At the by-election victory went to the Labour candidate (M.S. 1973). - . The rain came in torrents (I.Murdoch). - .

So far 65 people have died in floods in Dacca Province, East Pakistan (Morning Star, 1973) - , 65 , .

Abstract nouns are often concretized in translation if there is no correlated abstract word in Russian: The Soviet Union's record in medial care - .

Not infrequently concretization is resorted to as correlated generalizing words in English and in Russian have a different usage. Thus the word limbs has a wider usage than the Russian .

"Thank you", said Margaret, feeling large and awkward and clumsy in all her limbs. (H. Walpole). - , - , , .

The English word "child" has a wider usage than its correlated Russian and is often concretized as , , , .

No one know with what passionate emotion she loved this child (H. Valpoie). - , .

Generalization

This device is the reverse of concretization. Still there is a tendency in the English language for differentiation where the Russian language uses a more general word, e.g. "", hand and arm; "" leg and foot; "" fingers and toes.

In some cases, although there is an equivalent in the target language at the some level of abstraction, generalization may be desirable for purely stylistic reasons:

Since the shooting of Robert Kenney five days ago about 90 Americans have been shot dead. (The Guardian, 1968).

, , 90 .

Generalization is sometimes used in rendering non-equivalents (e.g. summary court - ; a summary court is not only a disciplinary court but the least formal one, consisting of one officer, etc.).

Antonymic Translation

Antonymic translation is a kind of grammatical and lexical transformation which substitutes an affirmative construction for a negative or vice versa with some accompanying lexical change, usually substituting the antonym for the original word.

Keep the child out of the sun - He .:

"My precious wife", said I, "we must be serious sometimes". (Ch. Dickens), , - , - .

My aunt and I, when we were left alone, talked far into the night, how the emigrants never wrote home otherwise than cheerfully and hopefully. (Ibid.)

, , , .

Metonvmic Translation

Metonymic translation is a lexical transformation based on the substitution of contiguous concepts.

On Capitol Hill residents have been assaulted on their porches - in their garages or while waiting for a bus, sometimes within full view of other citizens too frightened to move.

, , , , .

London in July with the sun for once continually shining had become a mad place, stiffing, enclosed, dry. (I.Murdoch). - , , . In all these examples adequate translation has been achieved by means of metonymic transformations.

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is rendering of the meaning of some idiomatic phrase in the source language by a phrase in the target language consisting of non-correlated lexical units, e.g.

Good riddance - ; In for a penny, in for I pound - - ; - , .

A phraseological unit is rendered by a corresponding Russian phraseological unit expressing the same idea in different words.

 

LECTURE 13





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