a. , , , .
b. , , , .
III. 3, 4, 5.
7
C
, , .
The International Space Station
| 1. | The International Space Station (ISS), the most complex and expensive structure that has ever been launched and built in space, is expected to be a permanent off-planet extension of human civilization. When completed, it will be a multi-room hotel and research facility orbiting the Earth. By that time, resupply and assembly flight by shuttles and rockets will have |
| become routine. | |
| 2. | The Russians and Americans are partners in this international enterprise. The three-person multi-national crews will be alternately composed of two Americans and one Russian followed by a Russian majority. Later a six- or seven-person crew will occupy the station. Some astronauts may stay on the ISS up to 187 days, but there are no plans yet for longer missions. The official life expectancy of the station itself is 10 years, but it should last much longer. |
| 3. | Built by a partnership of 16 nations, the ISS will consist of 36 modules and hundreds of individual elements that come from all over the world. The station involves the most technologically advanced nations Russia, the United States, Canada, Japan, Brazil, and 11 European nations. There will be many interconnected parts from so many countries and it is very important that all these elements made by different suppliers should fit together properly and work exactly as planned. |
| 4. | The ISS could not have been realized without previous extensive experience in operating the Russian Mir space station. Russia learned how to build and maintain complex structures in space. Mir also gave citizens of more than a dozen countries their first opportunity to explore space. Mir has proved to be the perfect training ground for the ISS. for more than a decade at least two humans were always in low Earth orbit. That is why it was planned that Russia would supply and deliver 12 modules for the future station. They are. the basic power module, the control, the life support, the service modules and others. |
| 5. | What is the purpose of the ISS? It is a political program as well as a science program. This program is no longer only about conducting scientific investigations in the absence of gravity, or about establishing the base for a future trip to Mars. The ISS is more than merely the next great adventure of the space age. It is also about promoting international cooperation and creating thousands of peacetime jobs for highly skilled workers and engineers. |
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life expectancy
has proved to be
decade
life support
service module
control module
I. .
1. What is the International Space Station designed for?
2. What countries took part in building the station?
II. , .
a) , , .
b) .
III. 3, 4, 5.
8
A
, , .
Transport for Tomorrow
| 1. | One thing is certain about the public transport of the future. it must be more effective than it is today. The time is coming when it will be quicker to fly across the Atlantic to New York than to travel from home to office. The two main problems are. what vehicle shall we use and how can we plan our use of it? |
| 2. | There is already a number of modern vehicles which are not yet in common use, but which may become a usual means of transport in the future. One of these is a small electric car. we go out into the street, find an empty car, get into it, drive to our destination, get out and leave the car for the next person who comes along. In fact, there may be no need to drive these cars. With an automatic guidance system for cars being developed, it will be possible for us to select our destination just as today we select a telephone number and our car will move automatically. |
| 3. | For long journeys in private cars one can also use an automatic guidance system. Arriving at the motorway, a driver will select the lane he wishes to use, switch over to automatic driving and then relax dream, read the newspaper, have a meal while the car does the work for him. Unbelievable? It is already possible. Just as in many ships and aircraft today we are piloted automatically for the greater part of the journey, so in the future we can also have this luxury in our own cars. |
| 4. | At present sophisticated electronics is playing a big part in current automatic research. For example, in every gasoline-powered car that General Motors Corporation makes there is a small computer continuously monitoring the exhaust. The device, about the size of a pack of cigarettes, adjusts the vehicle carburetor fuel intake to get the best fuel economy. Ford cars are equipped with an electronic instrument panel that, among other things, will calculate how far one can drive on the fuel left in the tank. It also will estimate the time of the arrival at destination and tell the driver what speed he has averaged since turning on the ignition. According to specialists these features made possible by microelectronics are only the beginning. Radar may control the brakes to avoid collisions, and a display screen may show the cars position on the road. |
| 5. | A Japanese company is designing a car of a new generation. When completed, the new model will have a lot of unusual characteristics. The cars four-wheel control system will ensure movement diagonally and even side-ways like a crab, at right angles to the longitudinal axis. This is especially important when leaving the car in parking places. To help the driver get information while concentrating on the road the most important data will be projected on the windscreen. A tourist traveling in such a car will not lose his way even in Sahara with its impossible roads. a navigation Earth satellite will indicate the road. |
| 6. | A new ceramic engine has been developed in Japan. Many important parts as pistons, pressure rings, valves and some others have been made of various ceramic materials, piston rings made of silicon materials being in many respects better than those of steel. They withstand temperatures up to 1000 C0. Therefore, the engine does not need a cooling system. |
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guidance system
to pilot ,
sophisticated
gasoline-powered car
exhaust ,
intake
instrument panel
ignition
display screen
control system
sideways
longitudinal axis
windscreen ()
navigation Earth satellite
piston
pressure ring
I. .
1. What car may become a usual means of transport in the future?
2. In the future driving cars may become less tiring (). Why?
