-or -er -ee -ent -ant -ion -tion -ation -sion -ssion -ment -ure -ance -ence -age -ist -yst | : to operate to transmit to employ to study to assist to construct to produce to combine , to decide to admit to move () to press to perform to differ to pass to type to analyze | , , : operator transmitter , : employee student assistant , ( , . .) construction production combination , decision admission movement pressure performance difference passage , : typist analyst |
-ness -ity -ty -th (c ) | : effective active safe long | , , . .: effectiveness activity safety length |
-dom -ship -ism | : free leader , patriot | : freedom leadership patriotism |
-ian -ese -ian -ist | : Belarus Japan electricity science | , : Belarusian Japanese electrician scientist |
) :
-en | gold | golden | ||
-ic | history | historic | ||
-ical | logics | logical | ||
-ian | Belarus | Belarusian | ||
-ful | use | useful | ||
- ic | economy | economic | ||
-ly | day | daily | ||
friend | friendly | |||
-less | use | useless | ||
truth | truthless | |||
-ous | fame | famous | ||
danger | dangerous |
b) :
-able | to move | moveable | ||
-ible | to sense | , | sensible | , |
-ant | to resist | resistant | ||
-ent | to depend | dependent | ||
-ive | to create | creative | ||
-tive | to talk | talkative |
|
|
(Prepositional phrases)
at the beginning of sth (when sth started) but: in the beginning = originally | |
at the end of sth (when sth is finished) but: in the end = finally | , , |
at all costs | |
at first | , |
at hand | , |
at last | |
at least | |
at the moment | |
at once | , |
at present | |
at random | , , |
at the same time | |
at a time | , |
at times | , |
by chance | |
by means of | |
by all means | |
by no means | |
one by one | |
step by step | , |
for the time being | , |
for a while | () |
in addition to sth | -, |
in advance | , |
in brief | , |
in any case | |
in addition to | , |
in order to | , |
in question |
Infinitive | Past Indefinite | Participle II | ||
1. | awake | awoke | awoke, awaked | |
2. | be | was, were | been | |
3. | bear | ; | bore | born |
4. | beat | beat | beaten | |
5. | become | became | become | |
6. | begin | began | begun | |
7. | bend | bent | bent | |
8. | bite | bit | bitten | |
9. | bow | blew | blown | |
10. | break | broke | broken | |
11. | bring | brought | brought | |
12. | build | built | built | |
13. | burn | burnt, burned | burnt | |
14. | burst | , | burst | burst |
15. | buy | bought | bought | |
16. | catch | caught | caught | |
17. | choose | chose | chosen | |
18. | come | came | come | |
19. | cost | cost | cost | |
20. | cut | cut | cut | |
21. | deal | ( -) | dealt | dealt |
22. | do | did | done | |
23. | dig | , | dug | dug |
24. | draw | , | drew | drawn |
25. | drink | drank | drunk | |
26. | drive | drove | driven | |
27. | eat | ate | eaten | |
28. | fall | fell | fallen | |
29. | feed | fed | fed | |
30. | feel | felt | felt | |
31. | fight | fought | fought | |
32. | find | found | found | |
33. | fly | flew | flown | |
34. | forbid | forbade | forbidden | |
35. | forget | forgot | forgotten | |
36. | forgive | forgave | forgiven | |
37. | freeze | froze | frozen | |
38. | get | , | got | got |
39. | give | gave | given | |
40. | go | went | gone | |
41. | grind | ground | ground | |
42. | grow | grew | grown | |
43. | hang | hung | hung | |
44. | have | had | had | |
45. | hear | heard | heard | |
46. | hide | hid | hidden | |
47. | hit | hit | hit | |
48. | hold | held | held | |
49. | hurt | hurt | hurt | |
50. | keep | kept | kept | |
51. | know | knew | known | |
52. | lay | laid | laid | |
53. | lead | led | led | |
54. | learn | learned, learnt | learned, learnt | |
55. | leave | left | left | |
56. | lend | lent | lent | |
57. | let | let | let | |
58. | lie | lay | lain | |
59. | light | (), | lighted, lit | lighted, lit |
60. | lose | lost | lost | |
61. | make | made | made | |
62. | mean | meant | meant | |
63. | meet | met | met | |
64. | pay | paid | paid | |
65. | put | put | put | |
66. | read | read | read | |
67. | retell | retold | retold | |
68. | ride | rode | ridden | |
69. | ring | rang | rung | |
70. | rise | , | rose | risen |
71. | run | ran | run | |
72. | say | said | said | |
73. | see | saw | seen | |
74. | sell | sold | sold | |
75. | send | sent | sent | |
76. | set | , | set | set |
77. | shake | shook | shaken | |
78. | shine | shone | shone | |
79. | shoot | shot | shot | |
80. | show | showed | shown | |
81. | shrink | , | shrank | shrunk |
82. | shut | shut | shut | |
83. | sing | sang | sung | |
84. | sink | sank | sunk | |
85. | sit | sat | sat | |
86. | sleep | slept | slept | |
87. | slide | slid | slid | |
88. | smell | , | smelt, smelled | smelt, smelled |
89. | speak | spoke | spoken | |
90. | spell | spelt, spelled | spelt, spelled | |
91. | split | (), () | spilt | spilt |
92. | spend | spent | spent | |
93. | spread | spread | spread | |
94. | stand | , | stood | stood |
95. | stick | , | stuck | stuck |
96. | strike | struck | struck, stricken | |
97. | swim | swam | swum | |
98. | take | took | taken | |
99. | teach | taught | taught | |
100. | tear | () | tore | torn |
101. | tell | told | told | |
102. | think | thought | thought | |
103. | throw | threw | thrown | |
104. | understand | understood | understood | |
105. | wake | woke | waken | |
106. | wear | wore | worn | |
107. | win | , | won | won |
108. | write | wrote | written |
CONTENTS
|
|
................................................................................................ 3
1.-
1.1 ............................................. 4
1.2 have. have...................................................................................................................... 8
1.3 be. be........................................................................................................................... 10
1.4 do. do........................................................................................................................... 11
2. ................................................................................ 15
|
|
2.1 ........................................................................................... 15
2.2 .................................................................................. 20
2.2.1
.............................................................................................. 22
3. ........................................................... 27
2. ......................................................................................... 33
1. (- ) 33
2. , , , .............................................. 35
3. ............................. 36
4. ........................ 39
4.1 .................................................................................... 39
4.2 it.......................................................... 40
4.3 one............................................................................. 41
5. .......................................................................... 43
5.1 .............................. 43
5.2 , , , ................................................................................................................ 44
5.3 ........................................ 45
5.4 ......................................... 49
5.5 ...................................................................... 49
6.
( : N+N)....................................................................... 51
7. :
(), (), ................... 55
7.1 I (Participle I) (Gerund) 55
7.2 Participle II ( ) Past Simple ( )................................................................................................................ 56
7.3 ........................................................... 58
8. ....................................................................................................... 61
8.1 , ........................................... 61
8.2 , ............................................................. 61
8.3 63
3. .................................................... 69
1. ................................................................. 69
2. .............................................................. 72
3. ...................................................................... 77
3.1 that (this, these, those)..... 77
3.2 after................................. 78
|
|
3.3 as..................................... 79
3.4 before............................... 81
3.5 for.................................... 82
3.6 since................................. 83
4. ................................................................................ 86
4. , ........................................................................................................................... 93
1. ............................................................................... 93
1.1 .... 93
1.2 95
1.3
( /Complex Subject)...................................................... 98
1.4 ( /Complex Object).......................................................................... 100
2. .................................................................................. 104
2.1 I........... 104
2.2 II............................................................................... 107
2.3 II..... 110
2.4 .............. 113
3. I, II .......................................................................... 118
3.1 I ........................................... 120
4. ............................................................................ 122
Appendix......................................................................................................... 129
[1] , , .
[2] , .
[3] .
With open source software, programmers contribute to the computing community by making their improvements.
(/) .
[4] , (, ), (4- ). () .
Marconi even recognizedthe military importance of radar.
Some books may never be published in paper form.
[5] , , .
The web is made of electronic addresses called web sites.
[6] , : still (yet) eas i er , much the fast est - .
[7] :
Organisations that have large amounts of printed information are working to transfer their information into databases.
[8] who, whose, what, which, how . ., .