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, , . Consonants in the articulation of these sounds a kind of noise producing obstruction is formed in the supra-glottal cavities. Such sounds may be produced with or without vocal cords vibration.

( ):

I. (The degree of noise)

1. (Noise consonants/Obstruents)

a) : (voiced voiceless)

b) : (Strong/fortis weak/lenis)

2. (Sonorants) : /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /l/, /w/, /r/, /j/.

II. (The manner of articulation)

1. (Occlusive) ,

Occlusive noise consonants/Stops/Plosives: /b/, /d/, /g/, /p/, /t/, /k/

Occlusive sonorants: /m/, /n/, /ŋ/

2. / (Constrictive/Fricative) , : /f/, /v/, /s/, /z/, /θ/, /ð/, /h/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /w/, /r/, /j/, /l/.

*/w/, /r/, /j/ . ( ) , , ( ) . , . , , , .

3. (Occlusive-constrictive/affricates) , : /t ʃ/, /d ʒ/.

III. (The place of articulation)

1. - (bilabial): /p/, /b/, /m/, /w/.

2. - (labio-dental): /f/, /v/.

3. (forelingual/coronal)

(interdental): /θ/, /ð/

(alveolar): /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /l/

(post-alveolar): /r/

- (palato-alveolar): /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t ʃ/, /d ʒ/.

4. (mediolingual) always palatal: /j/

5. (backlingual/velar): /k/, /g/, /ŋ/

6. (glottal) articulated in the glottis: /h/.

* : According to the position of the tip of the tongue:

- Apical (the tip of the tongue is active): /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t ʃ/, /d ʒ/, /θ/, /ð/, /n/, /l/

- Dorsal (the blade of the tongue takes part in the articulation, the tip being passive and lowered): Russian , , , .

- Cacuminal (the tip of the tongue is at the back part of the teeth ridge, but a depression is formed in the blade of the tongue): /r/

IV. ! (The position of the soft palate):

1. (Nasal): /m/, /n/, /ŋ/

2. (Oral): /l/, /w/, /r/, /j/

V. ! (The direction of the air stream):

1. (medial): /w/, /r/, /j/

2. (lateral): /l/

 

. .

, , - . Vowels are sounds made with the air stream that meets no closure or narrowing in the mouth, pharyngeal and nasal cavities.

:

I. (The stability of articulation):

1.

2.

3.

II. (The position of the tongue):

* , , . , . , .. , . : , . , , . , , , - , .

  Front Front retracted Central Back advanced Back
Close Narrow i:       u:
Broad   I   u  
Mid Narrow e   ɜ:    
Broad     ə   ɔ:
Open Narrow     ʌ    
Broad æ     ɑ: ɒ

 

III. (Lip position):

1. (rounded): /ɒ/, /ɔ:/, /u/, /u:/

2. (unrounded)

IV. (Vowel length):

1. (Long)

2. (Short)

*The vowel /æ/ is not included in the category of short vowels because of specific length associated with it. It appears to be much longer before weak consonants. In this position it is almost equivalent in quantity to the longest variants of long vowels ().

V. :

1. (tense): + æ.

2. (lax):

VI. Character of vowel end:

1. Checked (if a stressed vowel is followed by a strong voiceless consonant it is cut off by it. In this case the end of the vowel is strong) e.g. b e tter, c a rt

2. Free (if a vowel is followed by a weak voiced consonant or by no consonant at all the end of it is very weak) e.g. bef o re, mon ey, b ea d.

 



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