| bone marrow | [bəʊn ˈmærəʊ] | кістковий мозок |
| breastbone | [ˈbrɛstˌbəʊn] | грудина |
| cartilage | [ˈkɑːtɪlɪdʒ] | хрящ |
| cervical | [ˈsɜːvɪkəl] | шийний |
| cranium | [ˈkreɪnɪəm] | черепна коробка |
| cranial | [ˈkreɪnɪəl] | черепний |
| coccyx | [ˈkɒksɪks] | куприк |
| facial | [ˈfeɪʃəl] | лицевий |
| fibers | [faɪbəz] | волокна |
| fused | ['fju:zd] | зрощений |
| girdle | [ˈɡɜːdl] | пояс |
| joint | [dʒɔɪnt] | суглоб |
| ligament | [ˈlɪgəmənt] | зв'язка |
| lumbar | [ˈlʌmbə] | поперековий |
| mandible | [’mændɪbəl] | нижня щелепа |
| marrow cavity | [ˈmærəʊ ˈkævɪtɪ] | кістково-мозкова порожнина |
| pelvis | [ˈpɛlvɪs] | таз |
| puberty | ['pju:bə(r)tɪ] | статева зрілість, статеве дозрівання |
| rib | [rɪb] | ребро |
| sacrum | [ˈseɪkrəm] | крижі (крестец) |
| spinal cord | ['spainǝl 'kɔ:d] | спинний мозок |
| spine (spinal column) | [spaɪn] [ˈspaɪnəl ˈkɒləm] | спинний хребет, хребетний стовп |
| sternum | ['stɜ:nǝm] | грудина |
| tendon | [ˈtɛndən] | сухожилля |
| thoracic | [θɔːˈræsɪk] | грудний |
| vertebra (pl. vertebrae) | [ˈvɜːtɪbrə] [ˈvɜːtɪbrɪ] | Хребець хребці |
| warehouse | ['weər‚haʋs] | склад, сховище |
Exercise 2. Pronounce correctly
Protein ['prəʋti:n], region ['ri:dʒən], cervical [ˈsɝːvɪkəl], thoracic [θɒˈræsɪk], facial [’feɪʃəl], column [ˈkɒləm], coccyx [ ˈkɔksɪks ], curved [kɜ:rvd], portion ['pɔ:(r)ʃən], primary [ˈpraɪm(ə)rɪ]
Exercise 3. Translate into Ukrainian
To be made up of many cells, to enclose and protect the spinal cord, a long curved bone, costal cartilages, the superior portion of the skull, to protect the brain from damage, facial bones, to be connected with the sternum, the hollow space inside of bones, red bone marrow, constant growth and development, to attach the skeletal muscles, twelve pairs of ribs, at the end of puberty, to provide support and flexibility, to move the limbs, the body’s warehouse for calcium
Exercise 4. Read and translate the sentences in Passive. Transform them into Active
1) The spinal cord is protected by the spine.
2) The trunk and the head are connected by the neck.
3) The human body is covered by the skin.
4) Ribs are connected with the sternum by costal cartilages.
5) The human skeleton was studied by many scientists.
6) The functions of the skeleton were investigated by ancient physicians.
Exercise 5. Read the text. Make the plan of the text
SKELETON
The skeletal system includes all the bones and joints in the body. Each bone is made up of many cells, protein fibers, and minerals.
The skeleton in an adult body is made up of 206 individual bones. These bones are classified into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the head and trunk. The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the shoulder girdle, upper extremity, pelvis and lower extremity.
The human vertebral column (spine or backbone) usually consists of 33 vertebrae. They are named by region:
· Cervical (neck) – 7 vertebrae
· Thoracic (chest) – 12 vertebrae
· Lumbar (lower back) – 5 vertebrae
· Sacrum – 5 fused vertebrae
· Coccyx (tailbone) – 3 (3-5) fused vertebrae
The spine encloses and protects the spinal cord.
Humans have 24 ribs (12 pairs). They are long curved bones surrounding the chest. The first seven pairs of ribs are connected with the sternum (breastbone) by costal cartilages.
The skull is composed of 22 bones that are fused together except for the mandible.
The bones of the superior portion of the skull are known as the cranium and protect the brain from damage. The bones of the inferior and anterior portion of the skull are known as facial bones (face) and support the eyes, nose, and mouth.
Red bone marrow produces red and white blood cells. Red bone marrow is found in the hollow space inside of bones. Children tend to have more the red bone marrow compared to their body size than adults do. The amount of red bone marrow drops off at the end of puberty, replaced by yellow bone marrow.
The skeletal system’s primary function is to support and protect the body's organs and attaches the skeletal muscles. The bones of the axial skeleton protect the internal organs—such as the brain and the heart—from damage caused by external forces. The bones of the appendicular skeleton provide support and flexibility at the joints and attach the muscles that move the limbs. Finally, bones act as the body’s warehouse for calcium, iron, and energy in the form of fat.
