Gigabit Ethernet - 1 000 /, CSMA/CD Ethernet. Ethernet Fast Ethernet. 5- ( 100 ), (500 ) (2 ) . Գ - , - .
16. 璺. Intenet.
(Serial transmission) - , .
, , ' , . ', , , , , web- . , PDA, , ', , . , 㳿 , . ʳ ' '. '. , ' , ' . , ', '. 㳿 . ' , , .
, -. . '.
ʳ , , . TCP IP.
17. 璺 BRI ISDN. IP-.
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) - . , , , .
ISDN - ( DCE - Data Circuit terminating Equipment), ' ' '.
BRI - . ISDN-, - D- , .
IP- (IP address) - 32- , -, TCP / IP. IP- ' (, , , D, ) , ( ). , ' -. , - - -, . IP- . IP- CIDR. IP- Internet-.
IP 5 : A, B, C, D E.
ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers) 3 . IP , - IP - . D . - .
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18. 璺 DSL. IP-. .
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) - . internet 2- . , ' . , (V.34, V.34 +) 3100 , * DSL 1 ( ).
IP 5 : A, B, C, D E.
ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers) 3 . IP , - IP - . D . - .
A . A . 3 . 0 127 . IP- A - 0, ij 0 127, - 8.
19. Ethetnet . . IP-. .
Ethernet , , 4 32 , '. ' 10Base-T, ' . Ethernet, . , , , , . , . ' , -. ' .
. ̳ ' . , , , . , . г , ' ', . ' ', ' , , ' . .
IP 5 : A, B, C, D E.
ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers) 3 . IP , - IP - . D . - .
B . IP- B 2 . . IP- B - 10, ij 128 191, - 16.
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20. . IP-. .
- . .
IP 5 : A, B, C, D E.
ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers) 3 . IP , - IP - . D . E - .
C - IP-. . . IP- C - 110, ij 192 223, - 24.
21. ̳ . IP-. D.
- , ' '.̳ ' . , , .
(Queuing Delay) - , .
IP 5 : A, B, C, D E.
ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers) 3 . IP , - IP - . D . - .
D:
D IP LGPL. - , , . . - 11100000, - 11101111. IP- D - 1110, ij 224 239, - 28.
22. . IP-. .
, . , . , , . . . 䳺 (). г , , , .
. ̳ ' . , , , . , . г , ' ', . ' ', ' , , ' . .
. , , . , .
IP 5 : A, B, C, D E.
ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers) 3 . IP , - IP - . D . - .
E IETF . . ij - 240 255.
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23. (Spanning Tree Protocol STP). IP .
(Spanning Tree Algorithm) ' . . ֳ ', . , ', .
ϳ STA ' ' . - Spanning Tree. ' . Spanning Tree IEEE 802.1D.
, .
:
- , .
- , .
IP-, , , , .
24. . ³ .
- , . " ", ( , ). .
³ - , 泳. , . - , .
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25. . ϳ .
糿 Ethernet , . ; , - .
:
1. IP- , .ϳ , .
2. OSI- - ,
.
26. . IPv4 IPv6.
IP (Internet Protocol) - . TCP / IP, '. IP , , , . RFC 791. IPv4 (Internet Protocol 4) '.
IPv6 - IP 6, IP ( 4). IPv6 , . - IPng ( IP ).
(Segment) - 1. ij , , - . 2. 㳺 - ', ' . ³ - (), , , , ..
27. . Inetrnet-.
. , . - , .
internet - IP-, . internet () , () ARIN. , () .
28. . RARP.
(Broadcast Address) - , . - , .
RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol - ). Ethernet-, IP-. RARP- , Ethernet- IP-. RARP IP- ', ' . IP- ', . RARP - RARP , ( ). , - , , , RARP-.
29. г TCP/IP. IP BOOTP.
г TCP / IP:
1. .
2.
3.
4.
RARP - RARP , ( ). , - , , , RARP-. - BOOTP. RARP, UPD-, . ³ , IP- , ', IP- , . BOOTP RFC 951, 1048 1084.
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30. OSI TCP/IP. IP DHCP.
OSI TCP . . .
OSI :
1. Գ
2. г
3.
4.
5.
6. г
7.
TCP / IP :
1. ³
2. ̳
3.
4.
, OSI TCP / IP, - , . TCP / IP . , , .
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) - . DHCP , . RFC 2131 2132. RARP BOOTP.
, IP- , . ' , -. DHCP , .
31. . . RIP.
- . RIP, OSPF, NLSP, IS-IS
NLSP NetWare (NetWare Link Service Protocol) - NetWare. , IS-IS.
IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System) - OSI- ', DECnet Phase V-, ' 㳿 () , .
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) - .
RIP (Routing Internet Protocol) - , - . ³ 䳿, ' . ³ , - , , . Unix- , , RIP.
32. . IGRP.
, , ' . , . , , . , .
IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) - . IGP, Cisco ,' .
33. 璺 . IGRP.
OSI ?
' ( UDP),
.
, . ' .
㳺 '
. '
. ?
, ( )
.
. (, , ?
) . ', , ' ?
, ' . , ?
'. '
' ?
. ,
, , ³ .
IP-.
IP-
IP-.
(Version)- ,
IP. ' IP . , , .
IP- (IP Header Length??? HLEN)- , 32- . - .
(Type of Service??? TOS)- , ,
.
(Total Length)- , , .
, HLEN.
(Identification)- ,
, . .
(Flags)- ,
. , , - .
(Fragment Offset)- , . 16 .
(Time? To? Live??? TTL)- ,
, . ( ) -
. .
(Protocol)- , ,
, IP
. TCP
UDP.
(Header Checksum)- ,
.
IP- (Source IP address) - 32? , IP- -.
IP- (Destination IP address)- 32? ,
IP- -.
(Options)- , IP , , .
(Padding)- , , IP- 32 .
(Data) - ( 64 ),__ .
35. . IS-IS.
, . , . . ' , . , . , .
. , , .
IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System) - OSI- ', DECnet Phase V-, ' 㳿 () , . ³ . DECnet ISO CLNP, . IS-IS Internet ( NSFNET) , , CDPD. Novell NetWare IS-IS (NLSP) IPX-.
IS-IS 㳿 , . . ֳ IP, IPX, AppleTalk . IS-IS .
36. .
, ', , ', , , ' ' . ' ' , . - , WAN , . , , , . , , , , . , .
37. .
- .
. ( ). (, RIP, OSPF, NLSP) (, IP, IPX). OSI - . , , . . .