, , . , ( ), , . . (, , , ), . , h .
, .. . , , .
.
(.5). (2.9), . , (2.9).
, , (, , ). , , , . , . , . , , . , . ( ), , . , , ..
, . . :
|
|
(2.10)
(2.11)
- , - ( ), - , - , - . U U , . n-p-n U = U= U, U =U = U. . .
, ,
( ). , , .
:
(2.12)
(2.13)
(2.10), (2.11) :
(2.14)
(2.15)
(.6)
(2.14), (2.15) .6, . p n , p n . , (, , ). .
(2.14) 1. p n ( VD1 (2.12)) , . , (2.15) 2.
(2.10), (2.11) (1954 .) . . , , , , .. .
.6, :
(2.16)
(2.10), (2.11) (2.16) , ( , ) .
3.
, 1.
4.1 , q , 1530 . .
5.
5.1 ,
5.2 ( 37 315), .7.
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010 810 . .1.
1:
, | ||||||||||
,mA | ||||||||||
, | ||||||||||
,mA |
5.3 . . 5.2, , 1.
5.4 . .7. 1 9 mA 1 mA . 2.
,mA | ,mA | ,mA | ||
2: 3:
,mA | ,mA | ,mA | ||
5.5 . .5.3, .7. 3.
5.6 2 =8 1=5 , .8 ( , U <0) .9 ( , ). 4.
4:
E1,B | E2,B | I,mA | IK,mA | |
U =, U=, (UK<0) | ||||
U=, U=, (U> 0) |
.8:, - , I I :
.9: , - ,
5.7 .10 . .11.
5.8 ( 2 2' ), . 5. .
5 ,
, | ||||||||||||
, | ||||||||||||
,mA | ||||||||||||
,mA |
5.9 I = 50, 100, 150 A (.12). , . 6.
6:
, | ||||||||
, | ||||||||
,mA | ||||||||
, | ||||||||
,mA | ||||||||
, | ||||||||
,mA |
6.
6.1 . 5.2 .
6.2 , , (2.12), (2.13) . : , - . , .
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6.3 . 5.3 . 6.2 .
6.4 , (. 2) , (. 3) :
;
6.5 2 3 : ; ; ; .
6.6 .
6.7 (, ), . 5.5, (2.12) (2.15) , , , , . , . 5.5.
7:
, . | ||
. | ||
,mA | ||
,mA |
6.8 , , . , - , .
6.9 .
6.10 5.
6.11 , ( ) ( ).
6.12 .
6.13 , h :
; ; .
7.
7.1 .
7.2 .
7.3 .
7.4 . .
7.5 .
8.
8.1 . ?
8.2 .
8.3 .
8.4 .
8.5 ?
8.6 . , .
8.7 .
8.8 , .
8.9 , , , .
8.10 ?
8.11 , ?
8.12 h .
8.13 ? .
8.14 (2.10) (2.11) .
8.15 ?
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8.16 . 6. , ?
8.17 .
8.18 .
9.
[1], [2], [3], [4], [7], [16].
N5