.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





- .

: . (80% .), .

- , 52 . % , , ( ), .

- , , .. .

, , . , , , . , . .

 

5.3

 

5.3.1 , , : ( , 1000 3, , , 250 3, ), , (), 250 3, .

 

5.3.2

5.1     1 2 3 4 5

20.

250 3 .

( , 3 , ).

, 10-15 3 , .

.

, .

3/4 , .

20.

, .

 

5.3.3

(t=20) , .

( , .4.2.2.2).

.

.

.

20. , - 20.

 

5.4

 

. , . .

, % . 1  
2  
CP  
()  

 

5.5

 

1) ?

2) ?

3) ? .

4) ?

5) .

6) ? ?

7) .

8) .

9) ?

10) ?

 


6 4

6.1 : -.

 

6.2

 

, ,

, .

. . , α-1,4 . , . α-1,4 , α-1,6 .

α- β- .

α- α-1,4 . . . α- , . α- ( ) 5-8 , α-1,6 .

β- α-1,4 , ( α-1,6 ).

α- β- 95% 5% .

, , α- β-. . β-, α- .

.

. α- β-. , , 2% =4,3 .

( -) 300-400 W-K. 250 . W-K , 200 250 . W-K .

 

6.3 -

 

6.3.1 , , : , , , , , (200 3), (250 3), , , 2%- (=4,3); 1 NaOH, 1 H2SO4, 0,1 , 0,1 (Na2S2O3).

 

6.3.2

. 20 500 3,
450 3 (40) 1 .

20, 520 .

 

6.3.3

.

 

6.3.4

200 3 100 3 10 20.

5 3 , (20) 30 .

3 3 1 NaOH.

.

 

6.3.5

50 3 250 3.

25 3 0,1 3 3 1 NaOH, 5 .

4,5 3 1 H2SO4.

0,1 (Na2S2O3).

. 515 3. 15 3 , , 10 . 5 3, 40 .

, , . .

 

6.3.6

12,5 3 250 3.

37,5 3 , 25 3 , 3 3 NaOH 5 .

4,5 3 H2SO4 Na2S2O3.

50 3 1,25 3 , .

 

6.3.7

25 3 10 3 .

3 3 NaOH 5 .

4,5 3 H2SO4 Na2S2O3.

 

6.3.8

( . W-K) :

a 0,1 , , 3;

b 0,1 , , 3;

c 0,1 , , 3;

K , ( 10 =4, 20 =2, 40 =1);

17,1 , 1 3 0,1 .

: ,

W , %.

 

6.4

 

1). . .

2) . .

3) α- β-.

4) -?

5) - (. W-K).

6) ?

7) -?

8) ?

9) .

10) -.

 


7 5

7.1 : , .

 

7.2

 

, . 2+ Mg2+, 13 . , , .

. .

(, ) . . , .

Ca(HCO3)2 →CaCO3 ↓+ CO2 + H2O

(, ) , , , . .

. .

:

1,5 -/3;

1,5-3,0 -/3;

- 3,0-6,0 -/3;

- 6,0-10,0 -/3;

- 10,0 -/3.

, -/3.

. , . , . , .. , , - . . 10 .

, , .

. , , , , , , , . . , .

. =10 .

 

7.3

 

7.3.1 , , : 250 3, , ; (25 /3), (=100,1), , (25 /3); , .

 

7.3.2

 

250 3 10 3 , 90 3 , 5 3 , 5-7 - .

. , , . , .

. .

.

=10/V,

V , , 3; 10 , 3.

 

7.3.3

 

.

250 3 100 3 , 5 3 , 5-7 . , .7.3.2. 0,5 3 , , .

()

, 2 ( , /3); ; F (F=1); V , , 3; V , , 3.

|1-2| ≤ 0,05

 

.

200 /3, , , 20 /3, 5 /3, , , , 1 /3 2 3 ; 1 /3, , 20 /3, 0,3 /3 5-10 .

.

 

7.4

 

[3] .

, .

, .    
. .
, /3 1,5 1,5
<7,8 6,9-7,4
, /3 <500 260-510
, -/3 <0,2 4,4-6,8
, -/3 <4,0 3,1-4,8
, /3 <0,15 0,7-1,4
, 2/3 <6,0 3,2-7,5

. .

 

7.5

 

1) .

2) ?

3) ?

4) ?

5) ?

6) ? ?

7) ?

8) .

9) .

10) ? ?

 


8 6 ,

8.1 : , , .

 

8.2

 

70-80% , . , . , . : , , .

. :

1) , .

, - . - .

2) , , . , , . :

- ( , );

- ( , ).

3) , .

4) , .

, , , , , , . , , . . :

-, (II) (I) , ( ),

-, (III) (II),

-, .

, , .

(II) , , .

: I II. I , II - ( ). :

CuSO4 + 2 NaOH = Cu(OH)2↓ + Na2SO4

:

, - . . , (I) , .

, , , , . , Cu2O, .

, .

 

8.3

 

8.3.1 , , : , , 100 3, , , , , (20%), (20%), , , .

 

8.3.2

 

, 0,20-0,35 100 3.

, ( ). ( 10 ) - .

, .

( ), .

10 3 100 3. 5 3 20% HCl 67-690 5 . , 2 20% NaOH . . .

 

8.3.3

 

5 3 I II. . 3-5 . .

, , . 100 3 (m).

X (/3) :

,

m 100 3 , , ; ; 10 3; 1000 .

.

 

8.4

 

1) ? .

2) , .

3) ? , .

4) ?

5) ?

6) , , ?

7) ?

8) , , ?

9) ?

10) ?

 

 


9 7

9.1 : , , , , , .

 

9.2

 

, , ( , , ..)

,

, , (, , , )

.

.

, .

.

1) , , ..;

2) , , , , , ..;

3) , , ..;

4) , , ..;

5) , , ..

, , .

, , .

 

9.3

 

( ) .

, . , , ( ), 9.1.

:

- ,

- ,

- ,

-,

-.

) , , ) , , ) ,
9.1

 

9.3.1

 

, .

:

- , ;

- .

:

, 1,2,3n , n .

(σ):

V.

45-50% .

, . ( )

, , σ , .

( 9.1) n. > .

9.1

(n) (n) (n)
  77,96   3,17   2,86
  11,46   3,12   2,85
  6,53   3,08   2,84
  5,04   3,04   2,83
  4,36   3,01   2,82
  3,96   2,98   2,81
  3,71   2,95   2,80
  3,54   2,93   2,74
  3,41   2,91   2,68
  3,31   2,90   2,63
  3,23   2,88 >120 2,58

 

, , .

, , .

>3, . , ≤3, .

 

9.3.2

 

, .

.

, , , .

.

, , .

, , (, 0,2% ). , , . . ( ) . , . .

 

9.4

 

, , , .

. , , , .

: 0,1 , , .. . .

, , . , , , .

: 0,3050 . 3 5 , 0,305 , .

, , , ( ).

, , , .

: 197,1 + 106, 372 = 303,5.

.

: 3,2∙4=12,8 0,1∙12=1,2.

 

9.5

 

1) ( 3 NaOH 0,1 /3 100 3 ):

2,2; 2,6(2); 2,5;2,7;3,4

. ?

2) , .

3) . .

4) .

 

9.5

 

1) ?

2) .

3) ? ?

4) ?

5) ?

6) ? ?

7) ?

8) .

9) ?

10) ?

11) ? ?

12) ?

13) ?

14) . .

 


 

1) .. / .. , .. . .: , 2005

2) .. ( ) / .. , .. . .: -, 1983

3) .. / .. . .: , 2004

4) - . .: - , 1979

5) 13586.5-93 .

6) 51619-2000 .

7) 51653-2000 .

8) 52407-2005 .

9) 12570-2006 , .


 

 

 

. ..

 

() _____________________________________________

________________________________________________________

 

__________

__________________

() (..)

_______________ 20__ .

 

____

 

___________________________________________

 

_________________________________________

 

_____________________________________________________

 

 

___________________________________________________

..,

__________________________________________________

, ..,

 

 

20__


 


 

. % ( 100) . % ( 100) . % ( 100)
1,00000 1,00050 1,00100 1,00150 1,00200 1,00700 1,00750 1,00800 1,00850 1,00900 1,01450 1,01500 1,01550 1,01600 1,01650 1,02200 1,02250 1,02300 1,02350 1,02400 1,02950 1,03000 1,03050 1,03100 1,03150 1,03700 1,03750 1,03800 1,03850 1,03900 1,04450 1,04500 1,04550 1,04600 0,000 0,013 0,026 0,039 0,052 0,064 0,077 0,090 0,103 0,116 0,129 0,141 0,154 0,167 0,180 0,193 0,206 0,219 0,231 0,244 0,257 0,270 0,283 0,296 0,309 0,321 0,334 0,347 0,360 0,373 0,386 0,398 0,411 0,424 0,437 0,450 0,463 0,476 0,488 0,501 0,514 0,527 0,540 0,552 0,565 1,731 1,744 1,757 1,769 1,782 1,795 1,807 1,820 1,833 1,846 1,859 1,872 1,884 1,897 1,910 1,923 1,935 1,948 1,961 1,973 1,986 1,999 2,012 2,025 2,038 2,053 2,065 2,078 2,091 2,101 2,114 2,127 2,139 2,152 2,165 2,178 2,191 2,203 2,216 2,229 2,241 2,254 2,267 2,280 2,292 2,305 2,317 2,330 2,343 2,356 3,636 3,649 3,662 3,674 3,687 3,699 3,712 3,725 3,737 3,750 3,762 3,775 3,788 3,800 3,813 3,826 3,838 3,851 3,863 3,876 3,888 3,901 3,914 3,926 3,939 3,951 3,964 3,977 3,989 4,002 4,014 4,027 4,039 4,052 4,065 4,077 4,090 1,102 4,115 4,128 4,140 4,153 4,165 4,178 4,190 4,203 4,216 4,228 4,241 4,253 5,517 5,530 5,542 5,555 5,567 5,580 5,592 5,605 5,617 5,629 5,642 5,654 5,667 5,679 5,692 5,704 5,716 5,729 5,714 5,754 5,766 5,779 5,791 5,803 5,816 5,828 5,841 5,853 5,865 5,878 5,890 5,903 5,915 5,938 5,940 5,952 5,965 5,977 5,990 6,002 6,015 6,027 6,039 6,052 6,064 6,077 6,089 6,101 6,114 6,126 7,374 7,386 7,398 7,411 7,423 7,435 7,447 7,460 7,472 7,484 7,497 7,509 7,521 7,533 7,546 7,558 7,570 7,583 7,595 7,607 7,619 7,632 7,644 7,656 7,668 7,688 7,698 7,704 7,717 7,730 7,742 7,754 7,767 7,779 7,791 7,803 7,816 7,828 7,840 7,853 7,865 7,877 7,889 7,901 7,914 7,926 7,938 7,950 7,963 7,975 9,206 9,218 9,230 9,243 9,255 9,267 9,279 9,291 9,303 9,316 9,328 9,340 9,352 9,364 9,376 9,388 9,400 9,413 9,425 9,437 9,449 9,461 9,473 9,485 9,498 9,509 9,522 9,534 9,546 9,558 9,570 9,582 9,594 9,606 9,618 9,631 9,643 9,655 9,667 9,679 9,691 9,703 9,715 9,727 9,740 9,751 9,764 9,776 9,788 9,800 11,016 11,027 11,039 11,051 11,063 11,075 11,087 11,100 11,112 11,123 11,135 11,147 11,159 11,171 11,183 11,195 11,207 11,219 11,231 11,243 11,255 11,267 11,279 11,291 11,303 11,315 11,327 11,339 11,351 11,363 11,375 11,387 11,399 11,411 11,423 11,435 11,446 11,458 1,00250 1,00300 1,00350 1,00400 1,00950 1,01000 1,01050 1,01100 1,01150 1,01700 1,01750 1,01800 1,01850 1,01900 1,02450 1,02500 1,02550 1,02600 1,02650 1,03200 1,03250 1,03300 1,03350 1,03400 1,03950 1,04000 1,04050 1,04100 1,04150 1,04650 1,04700 1,04750 1,04800 0,578 0,591 0,604 0,616 0,629 0,642 0,655 0,668 0,680 0,693 0,706 0,719 0,732 0,745 0,757 0,770 0,783 0,796 0,808 0,821 0,834 0,847 0,859 0,872 0,885 0,898 0,911 0,924 0,937 0,949 0,962 0,975 0,988 1,001 1,014 1,026 1,039 1,052 1,065 1,078 1,090 1,103 1,116 1,129 1,142 2,369 2,381 2,394 2,407 2,419 2,432 2,445 2,458 2,470 2,483 2,496 2,508 2,521 2,534 2,547 2,560 2,572 2,585 2,598 2,610 2,623 2,636 2,649 2,661 2,674 2,687 2,699 2,712 2,725 2,738 2,750 2,763 2,776 2,788 2,801 2,814 2,826 2,839 2,852 2,864 2,877 2,890 2,903 2,915 2,928 2,940 2,953 2,966 2,979 2,991 4,266 4,278 4,291 4,304 4,316 4,329 4,341 4,354 4,366 4,379 4,391 4,404 4,417 4,429 4,442 4,454 4,467 4,479 4,492 4,505 4,517 4,529 4,542 4,555 4,567 4,580 4,592 4,605 4,617 4,630 4,642 4,655 4,668 4,680 4,692 4,705 4,718 4,730 4,743 4,755 4,768 4,780 4,792 4,805 4,818 4,830 4,843 4,855 4,868 4,880 6,139 6,151 6,163 6,176 6,188 6,200 6,213 6,225 6,238 6,250 6,263 6,275 6,287 6,300 6,312 6,325 6,337 6,350 6,362 6,374 6,387 6,399 6,411 6,424 6,436 6,449 6,461 6,478 6,485 6,498 6,510 6,523 6,536 6,547 6,560 6,572 6,584 6,597 6,609 6,621 6,634 6,646 6,659 6,671 6,683 6,696 6,708 6,720 6,733 6,745 7,987 8,000 8,012 8,024 8,036 8,048 8,061 8,073 8,085 8,098 8,110 8,122 8,134 8,146 8,159 8,171 8,183 8,195 8,207 8,220 8,232 8,244 8,256 8,269 8,281 8,293 8,305 8,317 8,330 8,342 8,354 8,366 8,378 8,391 8,403 8,415 8,427 8,439 8,452 8,464 8,476 8,488 8,500 8,513 8,525 8,537 8,549 8,561 8,574 8,586 9,812 9,824 9,836 9,848 9,860 9,873 9,885 9,897 9,909 9,921 9,933 9,945 9,957 9,969 9,981 9,993 10,005 10,017 10,030 10,042 10,054 10,066 10,078 10,090 10,102 10,114 10,126 10,138 10,150 10,162 10,174 10,186 10,198 10,210 10,223 10,234 10,246 10,259 10,271 10,283 10,295 10,307 10,319 10,331 10,343 10,355 10,367 10,379 10,391 10,403 11,470 11,482 11,494 11,506 11,518 11,530 11,542 11,554 11,566 11,578 11,590 11,602 11,614 11,626 11,638 11,650 11,661 11,673 11,685 11,697 11,709 11,721 11,733 11,745 11,757 11,768 11,780 11,792 11,804 11,816 11,828 11,840 11,852 11,864 11,876 11,888 11,900 11,912 1,00450 1,00500 1,00550 1,00600 1,00650 1,01200 1,01250 1,01300 1,01350 1,01400 1,01950 1,02000 1,02050 1,02100 1,02150 1,02700 1,02750 1,02800 1,02850 1,02900 1,03450 1,03500 1,03550 1,03600 1,03650 1,04200 1,04250 1,04300 1,04350 1,04400 1,04850 1,04900 1,04950   1,155 1,168 1,180 1,193 1,206 1,219 1,232 1,244 1,257 1,270 1,283 1,296 1,308 1,321 1,334 1,347 1,360 1,372 1,385 1,398 1,411 1,424 1,437 1,450 1,462 1,475 1,488 1,501 1,514 1,526 1,539 1,552 1,565 1,578 1,590 1,603 1,616 1,629 1,641 1,654 1,667 1,680 1,693 1,705 1,718 3,004 3,017 3,029 3,042 3,055 3,067 3,080 3,093 3,105 3,118 3,131 3,143 3,156 3,169 3,181 3,194 3,207 3,219 3,232 3,245 3,257 3,270 3,282 3,295 3,308 3,321 3,333 3,346 3,358 3,371 3,384 3,396 3,409 3,421 3,434 3,447 3,459 3,472 3,485 3,497 3,510 3,523 3,535 3,548 3,561 3,573 3,586 3,598 3,611 3,624 4,893 4,905 4,918 4,930 4,943 4,955 4,968 4,980 4,993 5,006 5,018 5,030 5,043 5,055 5,068 5,080 5,093 5,106 5,118 5,130 5,143 5,155 5,168 5,180 5,193 5,205 5,218 5,230 5,243 5,255 5,268 5,280 5,293 5,305 5,318 5,330 5,343 5,355 5,367 5,380 5,392 5,405 5,418 5,430 5,443 5,455 5,467 5,480 5,492 5,505 6,757 6,770 6,782 6,794 6,807 6,819 6,831 6,844 6,856 6,868 6,881 6,893 6,905 6,918 6,930 6,948 6,951 6,967 6,979 6,992 7,004 7,017 7,029 7,041 7,053 7,066 7,078 7,091 7,108 7,116 7,127 7,140 7,152 7,164 7,177 7,189 7,201 7,214 7,226 7,238 7,251 7,263 7,275 7,287 7,300 7,312 7,324 7,337 7,349 7,361 8,598 8,610 8,622 8,634 8,647 8,659 8,671 8,683 8,695 8,708 8,720 8,732 8,744 8,756 8,768 8,781 8,793 8,805 8,817 8,830 8,842 8,854 8,866 8,872 8,890 8,902 8,915 8,927 8,939 8,951 8,963 8,975 8,988 9,000 9,012 9,024 9,036 9,048 9,060 9,073 9,085 9,097 9,109 9,121 9,133 9,145 9,158 9,170 9,182 9,194 10,415 10,427 10,439 10,451 10,463 10,475 10,487 10,499 10,511 10,523 10,536 10,548 10,559 10,571 10,584 10,596 10,608




:


: 2016-10-06; !; : 1694 |


:

:

.
==> ...

1736 - | 1681 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.293 .