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INTRODUCTION
The book is concerned with the phonetic system of English which consists of the following components: speech sounds, the syllabic structure, word stress, and prosody. These four components constitute what is called the pronunciation of English.
The course is based on the type of English pronunciation which is known as Received Pronunciation. This book is an attempt to answer a question: How is English pronounced? English today is the native language of nearly 400 million people and the second language of many others all over the world. A language so widespread is bound to be different in different places. We are all aware that the Scots and the Australians, Londoners and New Yorkers, Irish, New Zealanders, South Africans, Jamaicans, Welsh, and Canadians do not sound the same when they speak. We make an attempt to treat such variants of pronunciation as would be natural in the speech ov a native speaker.
The course contains explanations, rules, questions, tasks and exercises. The exercises in listening comprehension are also included.
SECTION I
MAIN THEORETICAL CONCEPTS
Unit 1
Phonetics as a science. Transcription. Difference in articulation bases of the English and Russian languages
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Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies the sound matter, its aspect and functions. Phonetics formulates the rules of pronunciation for separate sounds and sound combinations. The central concerns in phonetics are the discovery of how speech sounds are produced, how they are used in spoken language, how we can record speech sounds with written symbols and how we hear and recognise different sounds.
IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) stated phonetic symbols for sounds of many existing languages. These are transcription symbols.
[ɪ] pin [eɪ ] play [m] many [r] red
[i:] tree [ai] time [b] by [j] you
[e] pen [ɔɪ] boy [p] pay [z] zed
[æ] pan [aʊ] town [n] no [s] see
[ɒ] pot [ǝʊ] tone [d] do [v] verb
[ʌ] but [eǝ] hair [t] too [f] fan
[ǝ] above [ʊǝ] tour [g] go [ð] this
[ʊ] look [ɪǝ] here [k] key [θ] thin
[u:] moon [l] lay [ʒ ] genre
[ɑː] part [ŋ] sing [∫] she
[ɔː] port [w] win [ʤ] jug
[ɜː] girl [h] he [ʧ] chess
Writing transcription symbols one should use the form of print rather than handwriting. Dont use any capital letters. Dont show any punctuation. Use square brackets. Note that the primary stress is indicated by ['] before the stressed syllable: e.g. father ['fa:ðǝ]. Secondary stress is shown by [ ֽ ] before the syllable: e.g. examination [ɪg ֽzæmı 'neı∫ǝn].
Differences in the articulation bases of the English and Russian languages
1. The English consonants are articulated with the apical position of the tip of the tongue [t, d]. The Russian consonants are dorsal: the tip of the tongue is lowered /, /.
2. The Russian consonants are palatalized
tall vs.
shall vs. .
3. English sounds [p, t, k] are aspirated Russian sounds have no aspiration.
4. In Russian we dont have the following sounds: /w, θ, ð, ʤ, r, ŋ, h/.
5. English has flat - type position of the lips, the lips are not protruded, they are more tense, the corners of the lips are raised, which resembles a smile.
6. Differences between long and short vowels in English: sheep [∫i:p] ship [∫Ip]
7. In English there are 20 vowel sounds, in Russian - 6.
Glossary
apical ['æpık∂l] - ( )
dorsal ['dɔːsl] - ( )
palatalization [ pæl∂t∂laı'zeı∫n] - ( )
aspiration [æspı'reı∫n] - ()
protrude [pr∂'tru:d] - ()
vowel ['vαu∂l] -
consonant ['kɒns∂n∂nt] -
Unit 2
