.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


-

, . , , , , . . , , , .

, :

1) :

, . ( , ..).

; , , : (- ); ; .

2) :

, ( ; .. )

, ( ; , ..). , , , , .

, ( , ).

(), : , -, , , .

-.

, , .

(3.2), . , , , , ( , ) .

(3.2) m n , r = n - m (, x1, x2,..., xr), , m (, xr+1, xr+2,..., xn) . ( -). :

r+1 = a'r+1,1 x 1 + a'r+1,2 x 2 +... + a'r+1,p x p +... + a'r+1,r x r + b'r+1

x r+2 = a'r+2,1 x 1 + a'r+2,2 x 2 +... + a'r+2,p x p +... + a'r+2,r x r + b'r+2

....... (3.12)

x q = a'q,1 x 1 + a'q,2 x 2 +... + a'q,p x p +... + a'q,r x r + b'q

.......

x n = a'n,1 x 1 + a'n,2 x 2 +... + a'n,p x p +... + a' n,r x r + b'n

b'r+1≥ 0, b'r+2 ≥ 0,..., b'q ≥ 0, ..., b'n ≥ 0

(3.12) , ( ).

(3.1) (3.12),

= o + 1 x 1 + 2 x 2 +... + r x r (3.13)

, , ,

x 1 = x 2 =... = x r = 0, :

x r+1 = b'r+1, x r+2 = b'r+2,..., x n = b' n

(0,..., 0, b'r+1, b'r+2,..., b'n) . ( 3.2). = o. : = o ?

(3.13) (3.12). - ( ), ( ). (3.12), , , .

(3.12) (3.13) :

I. (3.13) . (3.12) ≥ . , = min , .

II. , (3.13) , (3.12) - . (3.12) : + ∞. . min = - ∞, , .

III. , (3.13) , (3.12) . , : , , . ( , , (3.3)).

. , , () (') , , , , , ' . , min.

min - () .

, 3- ( (3.13) , (3.12) ), , , , , x2, x 3,..., x r, x r+1, x1, x r+2, , x n, . (3.12).

= 'o + '2 x2 + '3 x3 +... + 'r xr + 'r+1 xr+1 (3.14)

, (3.14).

( I), = ' . (3.14) , ( II), ( III) . , , , , , 1- , , , 2- .

, , () .

3- , . , (3.13) (3.14) , . , (3.12) .

, , (3.12), , , , , bi/aip. , , min(bi/aip), , , .

, , . , , , (3.13) (3.14) , Ò. .

, max , min .

.

1. : , ?

: m m n (m<n) ( ), , , .

, () , . , : () ( ) m , m , , .

2. , , , , ( ).

, , .

3. , . , .

4. , , - . , .

.

********************

3.6. = x1 + x2 + x3 → min

7ּx1 + 2ּx2 + 9ּx3 ≥ 1

2ּx1 + 9ּx2 ≥ 1

9ּx1 + 11ּx3 ≥ 1

******************** ********************

( ). , , z1, z2, z3. :

7ּx1 + 2ּx2 + 9ּx3 - z1 = 1,

2ּx1 + 9ּx2 - z2 = 1, (3.6.1)

9ּx1 + 11x3 - z3 =1.

: = x1 + x2 + x3.

3 6- , 3 (, x1, x2, x3) . (z1, z2, z3) - . :

x1 = 1/20 - 99/80z1 + 11/40z2 + 81/80z3

x2 = 1/10 + 11/40z1 + 1/20z2 + 9/40z3 (3.6.2)

x3 = 1/20 + 81/80z1 - 9/40z2 - 59/80z3

:

= 1/5 + 1/20z1 + 1/10z2 + 1/2z3 (3.6.3)

, z1=z2=z3=0. 1 = (1/20; 1/10; 1/20; 0; 0; 0) ( ). 1 = 1/5.

(3.6.3) . , z1, z2, z3 , , . . , .

: min = 1/5 = (1/20; 1/10; 1/20; 0; 0; 0).

********************

3.7. = x2 + x3 → max

: x1 - x2 + x3 = 1,

x2 - 23 + 4 = 2.

******************** ********************

. - , 2. , , - .

1. : - x1, x4, - x2 3.

x1 = 1 + x2 - x3; (3.7.1)

x4 = 2 - x2 + 2x3;

 

x2 x3, , :

= x2 + x3 (3.7.2)

(2 = 3= 0). 1=1, 4= 2. 1=(1; 0; 0; 2), . 1= 0. ( max). , : (3.7.2) , , 3, (x2 ). 3 . x3 (3.7.1), , 3 1 ( 1≥0). x3 , 2- x3. , , : x1 , 3 - .

2. : - x3, x4; - x1 2.

3, x4 1, 2. : x3 = 1 - x1 + x2;

x4 = 4 - 2x1 + x2; (3.7.3)

= 2 + 1 - 1 + 2 = 1 - x1 + 2x2 (3.7.4)

(3.7.4), : 2. (3.7.3) 2 , (3.7.3), . , 2 , , 2 + ∞, + ∞. , max = + ∞. : , .

: m = + ∞. .

********************

3.8. = x1 + x2 + x3 → min

8x1 + 4x2 + x3 ≥ 1

2x1 + 5x2 + 7x3 ≥ 1 4x1 + 6x2 + 3x3 ≥ 1

******************** ********************

. . , z1, z2, z3. : 8x1 + 4x2 + x3 - z1 = 1

2x1 + 5x2 + 7x3 - z2 = 1 (3.8.2)

4x1 + 6x2 + 3x3 - z3 = 1

= x1 + x2 + x3.

3, 6, r = n-m = 3.

1. z1, z2, z3, - x1, x2, x3, . :

x1 = 10/136 + 27/136z1 + 6/136z2 - 23/136z3,

x2 = 12/136 - 22/136z1 - 20/136z2 + 54/136z3, (3.8.3)

x3 = 8/136 + 8/136z1 + 32/136z2 - 32/136z3,

x1, x2, x3 ,

= 30/136 + 13/136 z1 + 18/136 z2 - 1/136 z3 (3.8.4)

z1 = z2 = z3 = 0. 1 = (10/136; 12/136; 8/136; 0; 0; 0)- . 1 = 30/136.

(3.8.4) z3 , , . z3 . (3.8.3) (1- 3-), z3 , z3. . , z3 , x1 x3, z3, .

z3, . , z3 gr1 = 10/136:23/136 = 10/23 ≈ 0,5. - gr3 = 8/136:32/136 = 8/32 =0,25. , , . x3, .

2. x3 z3 , , x3 , z3 . : - x1, x2, z3 , - z1, z2, x3. . :

x1 = 1/32 + 5/32z1 - 4/32z2 + 23/32x3,

x2 = 6/32 - 2/32z1 + 8/32z2 - 54/32x3, (3.8.5)

z3 = 8/32 + 8/32z1 + z2 - 136/32x3,

:

= 7/32 + 3/32z1 + 4/32z2 +1/32x3 (3.8.6)

z1,z2, x3 2 = (1/32; 6/32; 0; 0; 0; 8/32). 2 = 7/32.

(3.8.6) , , ( z1, z2, x3 2). . , ; .

: min = 7/32 = (1/32; 6/32; 0; 0; 0; 8/32).

-

, , , , . , , .

, , .

(3.2), r = n - m (x1,..., xr) , m (xr+1, xr+2,..., xn) - . , , , (3.12) , ( , ) , - .

x r+1 a r+1,1 x1 - a r+1,2 x2 -.. - a r+1,p xp -.. - a r+1,r xr = b r+1

x r+2 a r+2,1 x1 - a r+2,2 x2 -.. - a r+2,p xp -.. - a r+2,r xr = b r+2

.......... (3.15)

x q a q,1 x1 - a q,2 x2 -.. - a q,p xp -.. - a q,r xr = b q

..........

x n a n,1 x1 - a n,2 x2 -.. - a n,p xp -.. - a n,r xr = b n

- :

- 1x1 2x2 -... - pxp -... - rxr = o (3.16)

( (3.15) ).

(3.12) (3.15) , , .

(3.15) (3.16) 3.1.

3.1.

- -
x1 xp xr x r+1 x q x n
x r+1 b r+1 -ar+1,1 -ar+1,p -ar+1,r      
x q b q -aq,1 - a q,p - a q,r      
x n b n -an,1 - a n,p - a n,r      
o - 1 - p - r      

= (0; 0;...;0; b r+1; b r+2;...; b n), =

3.1 : , .

j () xj, , j ,- .

- , , (3.13) = o + 1∙x1 +... + j∙xj +... + r∙xr x1,..., xr. (3.16) 3.1 , , , , .

, , , (0;...; br+1,...; bq;...; bn) I ,

min = . .

, ( ) - p>0. , , . .

. , , aip ≥ 0 (i = r+1,n) II, , min = - ∞, .

, , , p, , , - aip > 0; , aip < 0, III, , . , (- aip) . .

, bi/aip q- , s - .

, , . .

, , xp xq ( 3.1 , p ≤ r; r+1≤q ≤ n), , q , p - .

-, -. , q- , , , 1/aqp. , q- xp.

, q- , xp xq. 3.1 , , - xp , . .

. ( I), , min = - ∞ ( II), ( III) . , , , I II.

. , , ( ) , = . .

, max , min - .

.

1. .

2. , , - .

3. , , p ( xp). xp ( ) . . , min = -∞ - .

4. , akp (k ≤ r) bk/akp, bk - ( ). . xq. ( ) . aqp, - .

5. . 1/aqp ( ) xp. , (-aip/aqp), , , (-aip), , , 0. .

6. 2.

.

1) - (), , 3.1 ;

2) "" ( ) , , , , , "" .

3) - ( bk/akp), , . , , , .

***************

3.9.

= 7x1 + 5x2 → max

: 2x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 19,

2x1 + x2 + x4 = 13,

3x2 + x5 = 15,

3x1 + x6 = 18.

******************** ********************

. 4 6 . , m=4 , r=n-m=2 .

1. 1 2. 3, 4, 5, 6 , , , -: x3 + 2x1 + 3x2 = 19,

x4 + 2x1 + x2 = 13,

x5 + 3x2 = 15,

x6 + 3x1 = 18.

= 7x1 + 5x2 , - 7x1 - 5x2 = 0.

(. 3.9.1).

1= (0; 0; 19; 13; 15; 18) , 1= 0.

3.9.1 : -7 5 1 2. , ( ). , , -5 2 ( ) () . : 3, 1, 3 3, 4, 5.

: , 19/3, 13/1, 15/3, - 15/3 - 5. , 5 . . 3, , ( ) . , 2 5 .

2. - 3, 4, 2, 6. 3.9.1 1/3, 1, 3.9.2 2.

, ( ), 2 , . 1 .

. 3.9.2. 2= (0; 5; 4; 8; 0; 18), 2= 25. 3.9.2 7 1 (). 3 , 2, 1 3, . , , 3.9.3.

3. 1, 4, 2, 6. 3.9.3 3= (2; 5; 0; 4; 0; 12), 3= 39. 11/6 5 ( ), 3 4, 2, 6. 4 , 2/3 , , , 3.9.4.

4. 1, 5, 2, 6. 4= (5; 3; 0; 0; 6; 3), 4= 50. 3.9.4 , , , .

: max = 50 = (5; 3; 0; 0; 6; 3).



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