II . (II) , , (I) .
AgNO3 + HCl → AgCl↓ + HNO3
Ag+ + Cl‾ → AgCl↓
Pb(NO3)2 + 2 HCl → PbCl2↓ + 2 HNO3
Pb2+ + 2Cl‾ → PbCl2↓
Hg2(NO3)2 + 2 HCl → Hg2Cl2↓ + 2 HNO3
Hg22+ + 2Cl‾ → Hg2Cl2↓
: , 5 , , (I) 1-2 2 . . .
:
:
) (II) . ( ).
, (II) , HCl .
: PbCl2 10-15 . (II) .
) (HNO3, H2SO4), NH4OH
AgCl + 2 NH4OH → [Ag(NH3)2]Cl + 2 H2O
AgCl + 2 NH4OH → [Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl‾ + 2 H2O
( ) :
1) :
[Ag(N3)2]Cl + 2 HNO3 → AgCl↓ + 2 NH4NO3
[Ag(N3)2]+ + Cl‾ + 2H+ → AgCl↓ + 2 NH4+
2) ():
[Ag(N3)2]Cl + KI + 2 H2O → AgI↓ + KCl + 2 NH4OH
[Ag(N3)2]+ + I‾ + 2 H2O → AgI↓ + 2 NH4OH
, - .
.
: 2 . NH4OH , 2 . 2 . , . .
) (I) Hg2Cl2 " " (3 HNO3 . + 9 HCl .) , 3- , Hg(NO3)2 HgCl2.
(I) , , , . , :
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Hg2Cl2 + 2 NH4OH → [NH2Hg2]Cl↓ + NH4Cl + 2 H2O
[NH2Hg2]Cl → [NH2Hg]Cl↓ + Hg↓
: Hg2Cl2 3 . . .
(NaOH KOH)
II :
) :
2 AgNO3 + 2 NaOH → Ag2O↓ + 2 NaNO3 + H2O
2 Ag+ + 2 OH‾ → Ag2O↓ + H2O
.
) (I) (I) :
Hg2(NO3)2 + 2 KOH → 2 HgOH↓ + 2 KNO3
Hg2O↓ H2O
Hg22+ + 2 OH‾ → Hg2O↓ + H2O
) (II) :
Pb(NO3)2 + 2 NaOH → Pb(OH)2↓ + 2 NaNO3
Pb2+ + 2 OH‾ → Pb(OH)2↓
(II) :
Pb(OH)2 + 2 NaOH → Na2[Pb(OH)4]
Pb(OH)2 + 2 OH‾ → [Pb(OH)4]2‾
: 3 , 3 , (I) 3 . (I), (II) .
(Pb2+)
1. KI - :
Pb(NO3)2 + 2 KI → PbI2↓ + 2 KNO3
Pb2+ + 2 I‾ → PbI2↓
. (II) . 100 .
: Ag+, Hg22+, Cu2+, Fe3+ KI. , (I). . .
: 2-3 1-2 . . 20 8-10 , . . . (II) . .
2. (II) . (II):
Pb(NO3)2 + H2SO4 → PbSO4↓ + 2 HNO3
Pb2+ + SO42‾ → PbSO4↓
t
PbSO4 + 4 NaOH → Na2[Pb(OH)4] + Na2SO4
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PbSO4 + 4 OH‾ → [Pb(OH)4]2‾ + SO42‾
.
: 2-3 1-2 2 . H2SO4. . NaOH .
3. (K2Cr2O7) (2CrO4) - PbCrO4:
2 Pb(NO3)2 + K2Cr2O7 + 2 CH3COONa + H2O →
→ 2 PbCrO4↓ + 2 CH3COOH + 2 KNO3 + 2 NaNO3
2 Pb2++ Cr2O72‾ + 2 CH3COO‾ + H2O → 2 PbCrO4↓ + 2 CH3COOH
PbCrO4 HNO3 HCl; , , . NaOH HNO3. :
PbCrO4↓ + 4 NaOH → Na2[Pb(OH)4] + Na2CrO4
PbCrO4↓ + 4 OH‾ → [Pb(OH)4]2‾ + CrO42‾
PbCrO4 BaCrO4, NaOH.
20 . Ba (II), Sr (II), Bi (III), Hg (II), Ag (I), - .
: 2-3 2-3 CH3COONa 2-3 K2Cr2O7. . , 2-3 2 . NaOH. .
(I) (Hg22+)
1. , , , (I) ( , ). , , Hg22+.
2. Hg22+ , - Hg2I2. Ag+ Pb2+ Hg22+ , AgI PbI2, (I) . Hg22+ Cu2+ Bi3+ Fe3+. Hg2+ KI HgI2 , HgI2 , Hg2I2 - , c :
Hg2(NO3)2 + 2 KI → Hg2I2↓ + 2 KNO3
Hg22+ + 2 I‾ → Hg2I2↓
Hg2I2 + 2 KI → K2[HgI4] + Hg↓
Hg2I2 + 2 I‾ → [HgI4]2‾ + Hg↓
, Ag+, Pb2+, Cu2+ Bi3+ Fe3+, , Hg22+ .
: 2-3 (I) 6-8 KI. . .
3. ( ). . Hg22+ - , .
, , , , . Hg22+ Ag+ .
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Cu + Hg2(NO3)2 → 2 Hg↓ + Cu(NO3)2
Cu + Hg22+ → 2 Hg↓ + Cu2+
: , , . ( ) - . , .
4. ( (K2Cr2O7)) (I) - Hg2CrO4, .
Hg2(NO3)2 + K2CrO4 → Hg2CrO4↓ + 2 KNO3
Hg22+ + CrO42‾ → Hg2CrO4↓
: 2-3 (I) 4-5 K2CrO4. . .
(Ag+)
1. KI - :
AgNO3 + KI → AgI↓ + KNO3
Ag+ + I‾ → AgI↓
, . Ag+ Hg22+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Fe3+.
: 2-3 2-3 KI. .
2. ( (K2Cr2O7)) - Ag2CrO4, NH4OH, :
2 AgNO3 + K2CrO4 → Ag2CrO4↓ + 2 KNO3
2 Ag+ + CrO42‾ → Ag2CrO4↓
: 2-3 4-5 . . .