- . . . . .
- . . . .
- . ( , ).
- . . . .
: - :
:
- .
- .
- ( , ).
- .
. . . . () . . . . .
, . , .
(. supply) , .
(supply function) .
Q s= Q(P, Pr, Pa, Tech, N, t or sb, E)
Q s - ;
P ;
Pr , ;
Pa , , ;
Tech , ;
N ;
t or sb (tax) (subsidy), ;
E (expectations)
, , .
( , , . quantity of supply) , .
. ( ), ( ), .
|
|
(supply curve) , , . .
S
Q
. 1
. . , . , .
: , , .
(. . 1)
, .
(ceteris paribus): Qs=Q(P)
: Ps=P(Q) - , .
, .
, , 1 ( ).
, (.) | < 10 | 10 ≤ < 20 | 20 ≤ < 30 | 30 ≤ |
Qs, () |
1.
. (market supply) . , .. .
, , Qs = −2+P, , .
N | Qs = f(P, N) | P | Q |
-2+P | |||
-4+2P | |||
-6+3P | |||
-8+4P |
N , , Q
P S1 S2 S3 S4
N=1 N=2 N=3 N=4
4
|
|
2 4 6 8 Q
.2
.
, , .
, , ,
..
(. . 2)
(shifts in the supply curve).
, .
1. .
. , .
S1
S2
Q
. 3
2. .
, , .
3. ( ,subsidy) (government regulation).
P P S1
S2 S2
S1
Q Q
.4 . 5
, (. . 4). , (. . 5).
4. .
, , . , . , , , . .
5. .
, , . , . , , . .
6. .
, , .
.
.
. . . .
, ( , , ..). .
( , price elasticity of supply) .
:
εs =
εs = ΔQs/∆P* /Qs
|
|
+ +
( )
:
εs = Q'() * /Qs
ΔQs Δ , . :
εs = ΔQs/∆P * [(1 +2)/(Qs1+Qs2)]
, , : εs ≥0
εs >1, ,
εs < 1, .
εs =1, .
:
. : ΔQ=0 εs=0
S
Q
. 6
. : εs = ∞, ΔQ= ∞ .
S
Q
. 7
. :
Qs = * P, =const>0. , : εs= * (/*P) = 1. , , 1 : εs= 1. (0,0) .
.
εs = ΔQs/∆P* /Qs=(/Q):(∆P/ ΔQ)
P
S
β D
α
G Q
. 8
, , :
tgα = G/G = /Q,
, ( ):
tgβ = D/D = ∆P/ ΔQ
( ) , () tgα > tgβ, (/Q) >(∆P/ ΔQ) εs>1, .. .
( ) Q, tgα < tgβ, (/Q) < (∆P/ ΔQ) εs<1, .. .
P S
α β
Q
. 9
. . , . , . . , . , , .
|
|
15 εs <1
12
4
3 εs >1
100 200 500 525 Q
. 10
, , . () , . . Q.
:
1) , , , εs=0. , ; , .
2) , εs >0. .
3) , , . .
S2
S1
S3
Q
. 11
, . , .
1. Qs = −75 + 8P, . , , 2 ., ?
:
, , :
Qs () → Qs ( ).
S2
S1
↑
Q
:
Qs = −75 + 8(P 2) = - 91 + 8
S2
S1
↑
T = 2
Q
2. : Qs = 80 + 8P. 5?
:
5: Qs( = 5) = 120, :
εs = Q'() * /Qs = 8 × 5/120 = 1/3
: εs = 1/3
3. . : = 0,5Q + 5, : = 0,5Q 2. , 4.
:
, Q():
Q1 = 2 10 Q2 = 2 + 4.
:
2 + 4 P < 5;
Qs =
4 6 P ≥ 5
S1
S2
Sm
5
4
4 12 Q
P < 5 , = 4, :
Qm ( = 4) = 2 × 4 + 4 = 12
: Qm ( = 4) = 12.
1. : 10 -11 . . . /. . ; . .. . 7- . 2- . 1. .: -, 2004, .79-85, .109-114.
2. : . 10 -11 . . . /. . ; . .. . .: -, 1999, .43-47, .65-68.
3. .., .. . . 1.- .: -, 1999, 4, 11.
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4. .. : 2 . .1.: 9 . . .- 4- ., . .- .: -, 2000, .57-62.
1. ..- : 10 -11 .- 3- . . 1. .- 3- ., . .: -, 2001, .117-139.
2. .. . : , 1999, .95-99, .122 - 125.