-
, , , . , .
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- . , , . , , -, , .
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2.1.1
SONET | SDH | / |
OC 1 | - | 51,84 / |
OC 3 | STM 1 | 155,52 / |
OC 12 | STM 4 | 622,08 / |
OC 48 | STM 16 | 2,4883 / |
OC 192 | STM 64 | 9,9533 / |
(WDM) . . WDM- , .
, - , , . , . . 1 , , .
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2.2.1 - -
P-I-N - (PIN) (APD) . PIN , . , . APD . , - APD ( ) 30 100 . APD , , PIN - .
, (transimpedanceamplifier - TIA). , TIA, , . TIA , ( ). - . TIA . , , , .
TIA . . . 1 2 mV, TIA , - (LA). , , , . , .
, - - (CDR). CDR , - - . ( - , ..), .
- (ITU - T) , . , - . CDR , , , ITU - T .
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(jitter) . . (PLL) - , . (BER) , . CDR , , (deserializer). ( ) - .
- , , . . 1, - ( ), .
- : 1000 1300 , , 1500 1800 , . - (dB / ).
. , (LED) . , , !
, - . WDM , - , , . - / , . .
, , , . . . . , , .
(APC). , . , , . "" . , APC, ().
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, , .
( - ), , . , . - , , . . , .
. 2 3 (STM4), , .
2.3.1 - .
2.3.2 - .
, ITU - T. MAXIM . , -n- 6,4 , n--n - 8,7 . n--n 27 . STM 4 + 3,3.
, , , , . , . , . .
, . . 3.1, : PDH, SDH ATM.
3.1 -
PDH/SDH (), (), , , , . . 3.2. , , . , ( ). , . , , . . , . .
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, , , , .
- (), . , , ( , , ..). , , , .
C : (PDH), (SDH) () (ATM). .
3.2 -
ATM . PDH SDH , , (. 3.1), , ISDN (B-ISDN). ATM , , , .
SDH
SDH . .
SDH PDH, SDH:
. SDH , , ;
PDH, SDH PDH . -;
, -;
PDH , PDH , , , ATM, MAN, HDTV ..;
. , SDH, TMN. SDH .
SDH .
:
-- - (. trib, tributary - , , ) PDH SDH;
-- - , PDH;
-- - , ;
-- - , ;
-- - 9*9=81 .
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SDH STM. SDH .3.1.1 SDH, , STM-16, , STM-4, STM-1.
3.1.1 - , SDH
SDH SDH/PDH. SDH "", (. 3.1.2). "" SDH. SDH, SDH PDH.
3.1.2 - PDH/SDH
SDH
SDH, SDH. SDH. - , SDH.
SDH, , : , , , . , :
- , SDH - , - ;
- / / - , / - ADM, , - , ;
- , , - , -, - - DXC;
- - ( ) - , ;
- () , , - , - , LAN;
- SDH - , - , , , , , ..
. SDH .
SDH , , PDH . , , .. , . SDH - SMUX, , . , , SDH : /.
TM SDH , PDH SDH (.3.1.). , .. , , .. .
/ ADM , (.3.1.). / . , , ADM , ("" "") . , ( ) . ADM .
3.2.1 - (SMUX):
/ ADM.
, - , STM-N (.3.2.).
SDH . 15 - 40 . 1300 40 - 80 . - 1500 .
3.2.2 - .
. SDH, . .3.3., , TU , . , , , , (.3.4.), . , , , .. , (.3.4.).
- SDXC, , () STM-N (.3.5). , TU TU. .
3.2.3 - / .
3.2.4 - / .
3.2.5 - .
, :
--- (routing) VC, ROH ;
--- (consolidation/hubbing) VC, /;
--- (translation) , , " - ";
--- (drooming) VC, VC VC, ;
--- VC, ;
---/ (drop/insert) , /;
SDH
"-".
, A B, " - ", SDH (.3.3.1). , /, 1+1, ( /).
3.3.1 - "-", .
" ".
, , . , .3.3.2, 1+1, .3.3.3 " ".
3.3.2 - " ", TDM.
3.3.3 - " " " " 1+1
"", .
, SDH , , , , (.3.3.4)
3.3.4 - "" c
"".
3.3.5 - "" c 1+1
(.3.3.5) SDH SDH (155 622 /). - 1+1, SMUX /: - , .
( ) , , , . 10 21 . , , . , , .
1. : . / . . [ .]. . . . . - .: , 1988. 624 .
2. , 2007. 23.
3. -200: . / ... - : , 1988. - 65 .