.
- , . , .. (DG < 0) (DG = 0).
" " , . > 1, , < 1 - .
: = ./ ., (1)
. , , . , .
, : , , .
, , .. .
- . : , - .
1. - : CH3COOH + NaOH = CH3COONa + H2O
- : CH3COOH + OH- = CH3COO- + H2O
: = [ CH3COO-] [ H2O ] / [ CH3COOH ] [ OH-] =
= / = 1.75 10-5/10 -14 = 1.75 109 >> 1, .
2. : - .
). , .. . , = 7.
). ( ):
NH4Cl + H2O Û NH4OH + HCl
- : NH+ + H2O Û NH4OH + H+
( ): = / NH OH = 10 -14/1.8 10-5 = 5.6 10-10
< 1, .. , + . : [+] = ( NH OH )1/2. , NH4Cl = 0.3 /, : [+] = 1.3 10-5 /,
= 4.9 < 7, .. .
:
|
|
CuCl2 + H2O Û CuOHCl + HCl
- : Cu2+ + H2O Û CuOH+ + H+
). ( ):
Na2S + H2O Û NaHS + NaOH
- : S2- + H2O Û HS- + OH-
= /HS = 10-14/1.2 10-14 = 0.83. OH- . : [-] = ( HS )1/2, [+] = 10-14/[-].
, = 0.01 /: [+] = 1.1 10-11, ͻ 11 > 7, .. .
.
). ( ):
CH3COONH4 + H2O Û CH3COOH + NH4OH
- : CH3COO- + NH4+ + H2O Û CH3COOH + NH4OH
: = / . , a . , : Al2(CO3)3 + 6 H2O = 2 Al(OH)3¯ + H2CO3
3. .
CaCO3 + 2 HCl = CaCl2 + H2CO3
- : CaCO3 + 2 H+ = Ca2+ + H2CO3
: = [ Ca2+] [ H2CO3] / [H+]2 = CaCO /H CO = 3.7 10-9 / 2.1 10-17 = 1.7 108
>> 1, .