: . . .
: -091
..
: ..., .
..
2012
1 ....................................... 3
2 ...... 3
3 ...................................................................... 5
3.1 . ................... 6
3.2 .............. 8
3.3 10
3.4 .......... 13
.................................................... 14
1
, .
. , . , .
, , . , , . . . , . . . , , , , , , , .
2
, . :
;
;
().
. , , , .
. , . . .
. .
(). : , / , . - .
.
: , .. .
|
|
3
3.1 .
, .. , . , . :
t = f(x,y,z,τ), (3.1)
:t ;
x,y,z - ;
τ - .
∂t/∂i ¹ 0, ..
, :
t = f(x,y,z), ∂t/∂i = 0 (3.2)
:
:
t = f(x,y,τ); ∂t/∂z = 0 (3.3)
:
t = f(x,y), ∂t/∂z = 0; ∂t/∂i = 0 (3.4)
:
:
t = f(x,τ); ∂t/∂y = ∂t/∂z = 0; ∂t/∂i ¹ 0 (3.5)
:
t = f(x); ∂t/∂y = ∂t/∂z = 0; ∂t/∂i = 0 (3.6)
.
( 3.1) t t + ∆t. ∆t ∆n, :
gradt = | gradt | = lim[∆t/∆n]∆n→0 = ∂t/∂n (3.7)
. 3.1
- , t n:
gradt = ∂t/∂n no, (9.7*)
: no .
, F Q, [].
, q = Q / F, [/2]
:
, , , .
|
|
Q = -λ∙F∙ ∂t/∂n, (3.8)
q = -λ ∙ ∂t/∂n ∙ no = -λ∙ grad t, (3.9)
: q ;
λ κ , [/(∙)].
:
q = -λ∙ ∂t/∂n = -λ∙| gradt |, (3.10)
: |gradt|- .
, . , . . .
:
∂t/∂τ=a(d2t/dx2+d2t/dy2+d2t/dz2), (3.11)
: = λ/(ρρ) [2/], .
, :
a(d2t/dx2+d2t/dy2+d2t/dz2)=0, (3.12)
3.2
1). (.3.2).
. 3.2
R =δ/λ - [(2∙)/], :
q = (t1 t2)/R. (3.13)
, F τ :
Q = q∙F∙τ = (t1 t2)/RF∙τ. (3.14)
:
tx = t1 (t1 t2)∙x/ δ. (3.15)
2). .
3- (.3.3). t1 t2, λ1, λ2, λ3, δ1, δ2, δ3.
. 3.3
:
q = λ1/δ1∙(t1 t1), (3.16)
q = λ2/δ2∙(t1 t2), (3.17)
q = λ3/δ3∙(t2 t2), (3.18)
, , :
q = (t1 t4)/(δ1/λ1 + δ2/λ2 + δ3/λ3) = (t1 t4)/Ro , (3.19)
: Ro = (δ1/λ1 + δ2/λ2 + δ3/λ3) .
:
t1 = t1 q∙(δ1/λ1). (3.20)
t2 = t1 qδ2/λ2). (3.21)
3.3
1). .
l, d1 d2 (.3.4).
. 3.4
t1 t2.
:
Q = - λ∙2∙π∙r l ∂t / ∂r, (3.22)
Q = 2πλlΔt/ln(d2/d1), (3.23)
: Δt = t1 t2 ;
λ κ .
( ), :
ql = Q/l =2πλΔt /ln(d2/d1), [/]. (3.24)
d:
tx = t1 (t1 t2) ln(dx/d1) / ln(d2/d1). (3.25)
2). .
(.3.5).
. 3.5
t1, t2, -λ1, λ2, λ3, d1, d2, d3, d4.
:
|
|
1- : Q = 2π λ1l(t1 t1)/ ln(d2/d1), (3.26)
2- : Q = 2πλ2l(t1 t2)/ ln(d3/d2), (3.27)
3- : Q = 2πλ3l(t2 t2)/ ln(d4/d3), (3.28)
, :
Q = 2πl(t1 t2) / [ln(d2/d1)/λ1 + ln(d3/d2)/λ2 + ln(d4/d3)/λ3]. (3.29)
:
ql = Q/l = 2π (t1 t2) / [ln(d2/d1)/λ1 + ln(d3/d2)/λ2 + ln(d4/d3)/λ3]. (3.30)
:
t1 = t1 qlln(d2/d1) / 2πλ1 . (3.31)
t2 = t1 qlln(d3/d2) / 2πλ2 . (3.32)
3.4
(.3.6) d1, d2, t1, t2, -λ.
. 3.6
:
Q =4πλΔt/(1/r2 - 1/r1) =2πλΔt/(1/d1 - 1/d2) =
= 2πλd1d2Δt /(d2 - d1) = πλd1d2Δt / δ, (3.33)
: Δt = t1 t2 ;
δ .
1. .. : . -3- ., . .-.; , 1985 -432 ..
2. .. . -.; , 1981 -296.
3. .., .., .. . : . .; .., 1999.-671 ..
4. .. , . -.; , 1981-248.