:
- ?
- ?
- , , .
- .
- .
- . . ?
- ? ?
- .
- .
- ? ?
- . ?
- .
- .
- ?
- . 16-17 ?
- ?
- .
- .
- splendor.
- The Great Vowel Shift. .
- ? .
- . .
- ? .
- ? .
- ? .
- . .
- . .
- [r]. .
- . .
- ? .
- ?
- . .
- ? .
- . .
- (. ).
- . .
- . .
- . .
- . .
- . .
- . .
- .
- .
- . .
- . . .
- alarm. ?
- banana. ?
- potato. ?
- tomato. ?
- trek. ?
- ossack. ?
- knout. ?
- \sputnik. ?
- . . .
- (. 260).
|
|
4. .
XIX
. XVIII
, ,
.
, ,
.
-
.
, : isn't, wouldn't,
didn't .
, , -
, ;
, ,
.
XIX -
, , ,
,
,
.
XIX -
, -
-
, -
. -
,
, -
.
.
5.
.
.
, -
XVIII-XIX .
XVIII
, ,
- , .
1770 . -
, 1788 . -
; , XIX , -
-
.
XIX -
,
" ". , ,
|
|
. " "
, ,
, -
-
.
.
13* 195
, -
XIX
XX , ,
,
.
-
,
,
:
.
. -
XVIII . ,
, -
.
13 -
-
. -
,
. XIX
, ,
.
,
, -,
, -
, . -
, -
,
XIX -
, . , , ,
, [] [], [:]
[:], . ,
.
, ,
(, ,
) "-
" . ,
, - -
, -
, .
"
", .
III
1.
(. . 139), -
- . -
,
. ,
, .
, -
, -
.
, XV
, -
.
|
|
-
, -
.
-
.
.
,
,
, .
, gh, [] ['],
.
, ,
, .
-
. , [:], -
[:], ,
, : - , good - , , , -
: boke - , toke - , - .
-
. ,
-ed, -id, -yd, : concluded -
, usid - , , axyd - ', -
-es, -ys,
, : egges, eggys - . -1 -
, , : certaynly - , day - .
, ,
-
,
.
XVI-XVII
XVI -
. -
, , -
-
. XVI-
I -
.
, .
, XVI :
coude - , muche - , to lacke - , to sleepe - ,
weake - , to goe - . XVII
: could, much, to lack, to sleep, weak, to go.
,
, -
, , : time, take.
, XVI -
, ,
i , -
, . , XVI -
: descry be - , ryche - , lye - .
XVII : to describe, rich, merily. -yng, -
XVII ,
-ing, : lyvyng living.
XVI
|
|
,
. , XVI
, : to chaunge - , pleasaunt - -
, remembraunce - , , , -
: to change, pleasant, remembrance.
. XVII / -all, -
: sever all, contynuall several, continual.
, -
-nes -ss.
,
XVI, XVII , -
. XVIII -
.
,
, XV XVI -
- -
,
.
, -, -
, -
.
, XVI ,
, , -
,
.
XVI
, . -
, -
.
,
, ,
.
: dette - , doute -
, suget - , sotil - , ',
debt, doubt, subtle
debitum, dubito, subjectus, subtilis.
debt, doubt, subtle b
. subject XV
.
: endite -
, parfit , suget , verdit ,
vitayle - , indict,
perfect, subject, verdict, victuals
indictare, perfectus, subjectus, verdictum, victualis.
-
: , endite
/, parfit ,
, ['pQifikt].
/ : assaut - , faucon -
, faut - , defaut - , soudiour - ,
assault, falcon, fault, default, soldier -
ab + saltus, falco, fallita, de + fallita, soldarius
(soldium).
/ -
.
, fault, l
XIX ; .
/; : receit - , conceit - ,
deceit - , XVI
receipt, conceipt, deceipt
receptus, conceptus, deceptus.
conceipt deceipt ,
XVII conceit, deceit, ,
. receipt, , ,
.
-
. , .-.
Hand - , .-a. inland - ,
isle [i:l],
|
|
insula - .
Hand
s, island,
s .
, -
. ,
marcha(u)nt - , .-. marchant, -
,
merchant.
ferm - , to
conferm - , to afferm - , -
vertue - , i -
firmus - , virtus - -
.
-
. , -, ,
, ad- -
: aventur - , avys - , , avance -
, avauntage - ',
adventure, advice, advance, advantage.
ens- es- ensample - ,
eschange - -, -
example, exchange.
- to encrease - , to
enform -
in-, to increase, to inform.
-cioun -,
,
- (-) -tion, -
: translacyon - translation', nacioun - ,
nation. [t] -
[s].
, XV XVI
, ,
, -
,
-
.
, -
,
. -
, , -
. , -
-
. -
,
.
XVI -
. , ,
-
.
.
.
,
,
.
, , ,
1568 ., ,
1619 ., 1837 ., ..
.
, -
-
.
, -
1580 ., 1631 ., .
,
,
-
. -
,
, -
(Zachrisson), "Anglic".
,
XVI
.
XIX ,
-
. "Phonetic Society
of Great Britain and Ireland" .
. . . 1843 . "The Phonetic Journal",
.
. -
,
: "The
Spelling Reform Association", "The Simplified Spelling Board"
"The British Spelling Reform Association", "The Simplified Spelling Society"
.
, ,
, ,
- , -
.
, ,
. ,
-our -or, : . honour -
honor, . splendour - splendor.
-re -, :
. theatre, centre theater, center.
-
. , thought, though, through
gh, thot, tho, thru.
.
1884 . -
,
-
. , , -
, live, give, engine liv,
giv, engin; ,
[], feather, jealous . fether, jelous;
, , [],
come, above cum, abuv;
trouble, rough, doubt, lamb, h
school, melancholy ..
1932 . "Anglic"
. :
1) , :
, niet , goe ;
2) , ,
: goe-, going;
3) , ,
[ sh: speshl special, naeshon
nation.
, -
.
, -
.
2.
, -
XV , -
:
1. (The Great Vowel Shift).
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. .
(The Great Vowel Shift)
, -
The Great Vowel Shift, .. "-
",
. ,
, The Great Vowel Shift XVI -
XVIII . -
,
, , ,
XV XVI ,
XVII .
, The Great Vowel Shift
. , -
, - .
1. -
[:] [:]. -
XIV , XV
. , :
XIV XV
roof [ro: f] > [ru: f]
cool [: 1] > [: 1] -
tooth [to: 0] > [tu: 0] -
:
.-. [:] > . -. [0:] > .-. [:].
2. [:] > [i:].
, -, XIV XV -
. , :
XIV XV
we [we:] > [wi:] -
feele [fe: 1] > [fi: 1] -
sheep Lfe: p] > [|i: p] -
3. [:], [],
XIII , -
[:], , XIV -
XV XV [:],
, . were;
spare where ..
[:] [:] XVI . XVI
XVII [:]
, , -, XVIII
[ei]. , :
XIV
take [ta:
shake [fa
age [a: d
k] >
:k] >
3] >
XIV -
[tae: k] >
- Lfae: k] >
[se:d3] >
XV
> [te:k] >
> Lfe: k] >
> [e:d3] >
XVI-
I
[te: k]:
Lfe: k]:
[e:d3]:
XVIII
> [teik] -
> Lfeik] -
> [eid3] -
[ei] -
:
.-. [] > .-. [] (XII .) > [:] (XIII .) > .. [:] (XIV .) > [:]
(XVI .) > [:] (XVII .) > [ei] (XVIII .).
4. [i:] XIV -
[ij],
XV [ei]. -
, [ei] -
[aei] XVI [ai]. , :
XIV
five [fi: v]
like ['li: ]
my [mi:]
write ['wri: to]
>
>
>
>
XV
[feiv]
[leik]
[mei]
[wreit]
>
>
>
>
XVI
[faeiv]
[iaeik]
[maei]
[wraeit]
>
>
>
>
XVII
[faiv]
[laik] -
,
[mai] -
[rait] -
[ai] -
:
.-. [i:] > cp.-a. [i:] (XIV .) > [ij] ( XIV .) > [ei] (XV .), > [aei]
(XVI .) > [ai] (XVII .)
5. [:]
[uw] [:] [:], .., , XIV . -
XV
[], XVI [] []. -
, :
XIV
XV
XVI
town [tu: n]
out [u: t]
fow [fu: 1]
> [toun]
> [out]
> [foul]
> [taun] -
> [aut] -
> [faul] -
[] :
.-. [:] > .-. [:] (XIV .) > [uw] > [] (XV .) > [] (XVI .)
, [:] -
[] [], -
:
.-. drupa > .-. droupen > .-. droop -
.-. stupian > .-. stoupen > .-. stoop -
.-. rum > .-. roum > .-. room -
6. [:], .-. [:]
[] , ,
[:], XVIII
[]. , :
XVI
rood [: d]
ston [sto: n]
ook [: ]
XVI-XVII
XVIII
road [ro: d] > [roud] -
stone [sto: n] > [stoun] -
oak [o: k] > [ouk] -
[] -
:
.-. [:] > .-. [:] (- .) > .-. [:] (XVI-XVII .) >
> [] (XVIII .).
7. [:], .-. [:]
XIII .-. [] , XVI
[:], XVII-XVIII
[i:]. , :
XIV
XVI
XVII-XVIII
se[se:] > sea [se:] > [si:]-
ete['e: to] > eat [e: t] > [i: t] -
mete ['me: to] > meat [me: t] > [mi: t] - ,
:
.-. [:] > .-. []: (XIII .) > .-. [:] (XVI .) > [i:] (XVII-
XVIII .).
, The
Great Vowel Shift:
1:
e:
e:
:
a:
u:
o:
o:
- au
- ou
ei
XV-XVIII .
1400 .
XV .
1500 .
XVI .
1600 .
XVII?
1700 .
XVIII .
1800 .
-
: -
: -
: -
:
ai
>
> i:
->i: > i:
-ei > ei
> u:
-> ou > ou
> -
> -
, , -
:
[i:], i: [ai].
:
1. [] > [] []. , ,
- - XV ,
XV . , :
XVI
werre
sterre
person
ferre
XV
> war[war] -
> star -
> parson -
> far -
, XVI XVII
[] [] [] ,
,
vartue vertue, sartein certain, sarvis servi-
ce . XVIII -
, -, ,
, ,
, service, certain, university,
[] [], [:] -
, [] [] [] - ,
, ,
, clerk [kla: k], sergeant
['so.: d^nt], Derby ['da: bi], Berkeley [: kli] ; -
heart - hearth - , -
.
2. [] > []. , -,
( - ) XV .,
XVI :
XIV XVI
cat [kat] > [kaet] -
land[land] > [laend] -
sat [sat] > [saet] -
3. [a] > []. [w],
w, wh
q. XVII , XV
[] []. -
, :
XV XVII
was [was] > [woz] -
want [want] > [wont] -
watch [watj] > [wotj] -
[] > [] , [] -
[g] []; [] []. -
, wag [waeg] - , was [waeks] - , quagmire ['kwaegmaio] -
.
4. [u] > []. [] [] XVII ,
[] []
XVI :
XVII
[] -
[] -
-
XV
run [[run]
come [kum]
young [jurj]
, ,
, [] [], -
: full - , bull - , pull, - , put - , push -
.
: [:] [:].
1. [:]
XVI [v], [d], []. [], -
[:], -
[], -
[], :
XV
blood [bio: d] >
flood [flo: d] >
mother ['mo: ] >
brother [: ] >
glove [glo: v] >
doon [do: n] >
XVI
[blu: d]
[flu: d]
['mu: ]
[]
[glu: v]
done [du: n]
XVI
> [blud]
> [flud]
> [']
> []
> [gluv]
> [dun]
XVII-XVIII
> [bkd] -
> [fkd] -
> ['] -
> [] -
> [gLvv] -
> [dAn] -
:
.-. [:] > .-. [:] (XV .) > .-. [:] (XVI .) > [] > [a](XVII .).
2. , [:] [:] XVI . -
, [:] [d], [t] [9],
[:] [],
, :
XV XVI
deed [de: d] > dead [dead] -
breed [bre: d] > bread [bred] -
heed [he: d] > head [hed] -
breeth [bre: 0] > breath [breG] -
[:] [d], [t] [9] ,
[:] > [:] > [i:]:
XIV XVI XVIII
reden ['re: don] > read [re: d] > [ri: d] -
beten [: ton] > beat [be: t] > [bi: t] -
heeth [he: 0] > heath he: 0] > [hi: 0] -
3. XVII XVIII
, [:], -
[] [] [d] [t],
:
XV,
XIV
book [bo: ]:
shook Lfo: ]:
foot [fo: t]:
stood [sto: d]:
XVI
> [bu
> Lfu:
> [fa:
> [stu
ee-
:k]:
k] -
t] -
: d]:
XVII-XVIII
> [buk] -
> [fuk] -
> [fut] -
> [stud] -
, , , brood [bru: d] - , food
[fu: d] - , mood [rau: d] - , [:] .
[:]
[:] [:].
1. [:] -
[], --
. :
) [] > [] > [:]>[:]. []
[f], [s], [9], [] .
[], ,
14. .. 209
[ae]. , XVI []
XVIII ,
[:], :
XV
pass [paes]
glass [glaes]
after ['aeftsr]
craft [kraeft]
path [paeG]
hard [haerd]
XVI-
II
> [: s]:
> [glae: s]:
> ['ae: ftsr]:
> [krae: ft]:
> [pae:0]:
> [hae: rd]:
7/
> [pa: s] -
> [gla: s] -
> ['a: fts] -
> [kra: ft] -
> [pa: 0] -
> [ha:d] -
, , [s], [f], [9] [:], -
: pass [: s], after ['ae: fter].
) [] > [] >[:]. []
[1] [] [f]. ,
XV [] [1] [], -
[] []. [1] [] -
, [:] , :
XIV
calm [kaulm]
balm [baulm]
half [haulf]
calf [kaulf]
> [kaum];
> [baum];
> [hauf]:
> [kauf]:
> [ka
> [ba
> [ha
> [ka
XVI
: m] -
: m] -
: f] -
: f] -
[]
, ,
, [1] calm, balm,
half , ,
[] , , ..
XIV XV
XVIII
XVI-
II
A- .) B- .)
half[haf] > [haef] > [hae: f]] > [ha: f] -
calf [kaf] > [kaef] > [kae: f] > [ka: f] -
, -
, .
) [] > [:]. [] [:]
, :
.-a. branch [brantfl
.-a. plant [plant]
.-a. command [' mand]
.-a. example [i' gzampl]
.-. [bra: ntfl -
.-. [pla: nt] -
.-. [': nd] -
.-. [i' gza: mpl] -
2. [:],
[],
, [:]
.
.
) [] > [:]. XVI-XVII .
XV
cause[kauz]
draw [drau]
law[lau]
XVI-XVII
> [ko: z] -
> [dro:] -
> [lo:] -
6) [a] > [] > [:]. [:] -
[] [1], -
[] [t], [1] . XV ,
, [] [1] [],
[] []. [1] [] -
, [] [:], , ,
[]. [t]
[1] , [] , ,
:
XIV
hall
all
talk(e)
walk(e)
salt
> XV
> [haul] >
> [aul]
> [taulk] >
> [waulk] >
> [sault]
[tauk] >
[wauk] >
XVI-XVIII
[ho: 1] -
[: 1] -
[to: ] -
[wo: ] -
[so: It] -
) [] > [ou] > [] > [:]. [:] -
[] [], [t].
[] [] [], [ou].
[ou] [] [],
[:] XVI . , :
XIII
thoghte
['0OXt9]
broghte
[texta]
boghte
[boxte]
XIV
> thoughte
['0OUXts]
> broughte
[1]
> boughte [1
XV
> thought
[0aut]
> brought
[braut]
] > bought
[baut]
XVI
> [0o:t] -
> [bro: t] -
> [bo:t] -
14*
XIV-XVI
fur[fur]:
turn [turn]:
journey:
['d3urnei]
worm [wurm]:
XVII
A- .)
> [fXr]
> [Urn]
> ['d3Arni]
> [wArml
) [] > [:]. [:] []
[f], [s], [9] []
[] [:], .. [] -
[:] XVI , :
XIV XVI
port [port] > [po:t]-nopT
ford [ford] > [f: d] -
3. [:] XVII-XVIII
[], [], .
, :
XVII B- .) -XVIII
[f9:] -
[t9: n] -
['d39: ] - ,
[w9: m] -
[] [:] , [] -
, , current ['kArant] - , hurry [] - .
(. 249), XVIII
[] -
[], [:].
, ,
[:]. , , -
, :
XVIII B- .)
[V9:tju:] -
['s9:vis] -
['s9: tn] -
[i] []
, [:], :
XIV-XVII XVII-XVIII
first [first] > [fs:st] -
fir [fir] > [fs:] -
bird [bird] > [bs:d]-
XIV
vertue [ver' tu]
service [ser'vis]
certain [ser'tam]
XV-
II
> [Vartju] ^
> ['sarvis] >
> ['sart9n] ^
XVIII
A- .)
[Vertju:]
['servis]
['sert9n]
[:],
:
^
ur
ir
:
1. []. ,
[wo], : morwe - , narwe - , sparwe -
. [] XIV-XV
[w] , -
[] [], ,
[w], XVI []. , :
XIV XV-XVI
morwe ['morws] > morrow ['morou] -
sparwe ['sparws] > sparrow ['spaerou] -
narwe ['narws] > narrow ['naerou] -
2. [w]. ,
, ,
[] [].
[]
[], :
- ,
( ) - ,
- ( ).
,
, [:] [:], [w].
one once.
one:
.-. an [a:n] (XII .) > .-. [o:n] > [o:n] (XIII-XIV .) > [u:n] (XV .)
> .-. [wu:n] (XV .) > [wun] (XVI .) > one [wAn] (XVII-XVIII .).
only [w] , -
['ounli].
, -
: [ai], [ei], [au],
[], [].
.
[ai] [ei] XIV ,
[], . ,
XV , [aei]
[:], [:] [:].
[aei] , [:] [:], ..
XV XVI [:],
XVIII [ei], :
XIII
dai [dai] -
wey [wei] >
XIV
day [daei] >
way [waei] >
XV
[dae:] >
[wae:] >
XV, XVI
[de:] > [de:] >
[we:] > [we:] >
XVIII
[dei] -
[wei] -
[]
[:] XVI (. . 207).
[] XV [:], [:]
[] XVIII , -
[], [:], :
XIV, XV XV, XVI XVIII
snow [snou] > [sno:] > [snou] -
low [lou] > [lo:] > [lou] -
know [knou] > [kno:] > [nou] -
, [] -
[], [] [:] (.
. 207).
[] -
[],
; XV
, , , -
[ju:].
, -
[:], -
, [ju:], , -,
XVI
[:]
[ju:], :
XIV ()
knew [knm] >
new [nm] >
fewe > few [fm] >
dew [dm] >
duke ['dy:ks] >
use [V:zs] >
XV
[knju] >
[nju:] >
[fju:] >
[dju:] >
[dju:k] >
[ju:z] >
[nju:]
[nju:]
[fji:]-
[dju:]
XVI
-
-
-
-
[dju:k] -
Uu:z]
-
, [1], [], [t|] [<1] -
[ju:] , :
XIII XV XVI
blue [blm:] >
fruit [fry:t] >
chew [tjm] >
June [d3y:n] >
> [blju:] >
> [frju:t] >
' [tjju:] >
> [d3ju:n] >
[blu:] -
[fru:t] -
[tfu:] -
[d3u:n] -
:
1. , , ,
[i] XV, XVI .
.
[:] > [i] : -age [], -ate [it].
XIV XV XVI-XX
-age [a:d3] > [ae:d3] > [id3]
-ate [a:t] > [ae:t] > [it]
village [ Vilid3] -
carriage ['] -
cottage [ /kotid3] -
private [ 'praivit] -
climate [Tdarmit] -
[] > [i] -less [lis], -ness [nis], -ledge
[Iid3].
harmless ['ha::mlis] -
childess ['tfaildlis] -
darkness [ 'da::knis] -
knowledge [ '] -
colledge [/kolid3] -
2. , , -
, [].
-on ([] > [n]), -our ([u:r] > [] > []).
opinion ['pinion] -
ribbon ['] -
colour [ku'lu:r] > [Tailor] > [IcaIq] -
licour [lilaiir] > [liksr] > [liks] -
3. [ai] [ei] XVI -
[i]. [1] [], -
[i] , [1] [] :
XIV XVI
bataille > battle [] -
conseil > counsel [ Tcaunsl] -
certain [ser'taein] > certain ['ss:t5n] -
captain [ leaptaem] > captain [Tcaeptn] -
-
[i] [] -
, -
. , , XV . :
XIV
chapiter >
crime sin >
hydropisie >
business >
interesting >
XV-XX
chapter -
crimson -
hydropsy > dropsy -
business [T)izms] -
interesting ['intrestirj]-
3.
-
, :
1. [f], [s] [0] .
2. [].
3. .
4. .
[f], [s] [0]
XVII
[f], [s], [0], [tj] -
[ks] .
) [f] [v], , of,
,
[sv], -
- of. ,
- off - ,
[f] [v] .
^ ff.
,
-if, :
captif > captive ['kaeptiv] - ,
motif > motive ['moutiv] - ;
) [s] [z], :
was [was] > [waz] > [woz] - ,
foxes [Toksis] > ['foksiz] - ,
catches [Icaetjis] > [Tcaetfiz] - .
, -
,
-
3- -
.
) [0] [].
, , ,
, :
the [0] > [] - ,
this [0is] > [6is] - ,
with [wi0] > [wi6] - .
, , , -
.
, this,