.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


_4_

:

  1. ?
  2. ?
  3. , , .
  4. .
  5. .
  6. . . ?
  7. ? ?
  8. .
  9. .
  10. ? ?
  11. . ?
  12. .
  13. .
  14. ?
  15. . 16-17 ?
  16. ?
  17. .
  18. .
  19. splendor.
  20. The Great Vowel Shift. .
  21. ? .
  22. . .
  23. ? .
  24. ? .
  25. ? .
  26. . .
  27. . .
  28. [r]. .
  29. . .
  30. ? .
  31. ?
  32. . .
  33. ? .
  34. . .
  35. (. ).
  36. . .
  37. . .
  38. . .
  39. . .
  40. . .
  41. . .
  42. .
  43. .
  44. . .
  45. . . .
  46. alarm. ?
  47. banana. ?
  48. potato. ?
  49. tomato. ?
  50. trek. ?
  51. ossack. ?
  52. knout. ?
  53. \sputnik. ?
  54. . . .
  55. (. 260).

 

4. .

XIX

. XVIII

, ,

.

, ,

.

-

.

, : isn't, wouldn't,

didn't .

, , -

, ;

, ,

.

XIX -

, , ,

,

,

.

XIX -

, -

-

, -

. -

,

, -

.

.

5.

.

.

, -

XVIII-XIX .

XVIII

, ,

- , .

1770 . -

, 1788 . -

; , XIX , -

-

.

XIX -

,

" ". , ,

. " "

, ,

, -

-

.

.

13* 195

, -

XIX

XX , ,

,

.

-

,

,

:

.

. -

XVIII . ,

, -

.

13 -

-

. -

,

. XIX

, ,

.

,

, -,

, -

, . -

, -

,

XIX -

, . , , ,

, [] [], [:]

[:], . ,

.

, ,

(, ,

) "-

" . ,

, - -

, -

, .

"

", .

III

1.

(. . 139), -

- . -

,

. ,

, .

, -

, -

.

, XV

, -

.

-

, -

.

-

.

.

,

,

, .

, gh, [] ['],

.

, ,

, .

-

. , [:], -

[:], ,

, : - , good - , , , -

: boke - , toke - , - .

-

. ,

-ed, -id, -yd, : concluded -

, usid - , , axyd - ', -

-es, -ys,

, : egges, eggys - . -1 -

, , : certaynly - , day - .

, ,

-

,

.

XVI-XVII

XVI -

. -

, , -

-

. XVI-

I -

.

, .

, XVI :

coude - , muche - , to lacke - , to sleepe - ,

weake - , to goe - . XVII

: could, much, to lack, to sleep, weak, to go.

,

, -

, , : time, take.

, XVI -

, ,

i , -

, . , XVI -

: descry be - , ryche - , lye - .

XVII : to describe, rich, merily. -yng, -

XVII ,

-ing, : lyvyng living.

XVI

,

. , XVI

, : to chaunge - , pleasaunt - -

, remembraunce - , , , -

: to change, pleasant, remembrance.

. XVII / -all, -

: sever all, contynuall several, continual.

, -

-nes -ss.

,

XVI, XVII , -

. XVIII -

.

,

, XV XVI -

- -

,

.

, -, -

, -

.

, XVI ,

, , -

,

.

XVI

, . -

, -

.

,

, ,

.

: dette - , doute -

, suget - , sotil - , ',

debt, doubt, subtle

debitum, dubito, subjectus, subtilis.

debt, doubt, subtle b

. subject XV

.

: endite -

, parfit , suget , verdit ,

vitayle - , indict,

perfect, subject, verdict, victuals

indictare, perfectus, subjectus, verdictum, victualis.

-

: , endite

/, parfit ,

, ['pQifikt].

/ : assaut - , faucon -

, faut - , defaut - , soudiour - ,

assault, falcon, fault, default, soldier -

ab + saltus, falco, fallita, de + fallita, soldarius

(soldium).

/ -

.

, fault, l

XIX ; .

/; : receit - , conceit - ,

deceit - , XVI

receipt, conceipt, deceipt

receptus, conceptus, deceptus.

conceipt deceipt ,

XVII conceit, deceit, ,

. receipt, , ,

.

-

. , .-.

Hand - , .-a. inland - ,

isle [i:l],

insula - .

Hand

s, island,

s .

, -

. ,

marcha(u)nt - , .-. marchant, -

,

merchant.

ferm - , to

conferm - , to afferm - , -

vertue - , i -

firmus - , virtus - -

.

-

. , -, ,

, ad- -

: aventur - , avys - , , avance -

, avauntage - ',

adventure, advice, advance, advantage.

ens- es- ensample - ,

eschange - -, -

example, exchange.

- to encrease - , to

enform -

in-, to increase, to inform.

-cioun -,

,

- (-) -tion, -

: translacyon - translation', nacioun - ,

nation. [t] -

[s].

, XV XVI

, ,

, -

,

-

.

, -

,

. -

, , -

. , -

-

. -

,

.

XVI -

. , ,

-

.

.

.

,

,

.

, , ,

1568 ., ,

1619 ., 1837 ., ..

.

, -

-

.

, -

1580 ., 1631 ., .

,

,

-

. -

,

, -

(Zachrisson), "Anglic".

,

XVI

.

XIX ,

-

. "Phonetic Society

of Great Britain and Ireland" .

. . . 1843 . "The Phonetic Journal",

.

. -

,

: "The

Spelling Reform Association", "The Simplified Spelling Board"

"The British Spelling Reform Association", "The Simplified Spelling Society"

.

, ,

, ,

- , -

.

, ,

. ,

-our -or, : . honour -

honor, . splendour - splendor.

-re -, :

. theatre, centre theater, center.

-

. , thought, though, through

gh, thot, tho, thru.

.

1884 . -

,

-

. , , -

, live, give, engine liv,

giv, engin; ,

[], feather, jealous . fether, jelous;

, , [],

come, above cum, abuv;

trouble, rough, doubt, lamb, h

school, melancholy ..

1932 . "Anglic"

. :

1) , :

, niet , goe ;

2) , ,

: goe-, going;

3) , ,

[ sh: speshl special, naeshon

nation.

, -

.

, -

.

2.

, -

XV , -

:

1. (The Great Vowel Shift).

2. .

3. .

4. .

5. .

6. .

7. .

(The Great Vowel Shift)

, -

The Great Vowel Shift, .. "-

",

. ,

, The Great Vowel Shift XVI -

XVIII . -

,

, , ,

XV XVI ,

XVII .

, The Great Vowel Shift

. , -

, - .

1. -

[:] [:]. -

XIV , XV

. , :

XIV XV

roof [ro: f] > [ru: f]

cool [: 1] > [: 1] -

tooth [to: 0] > [tu: 0] -

:

.-. [:] > . -. [0:] > .-. [:].

2. [:] > [i:].

, -, XIV XV -

. , :

XIV XV

we [we:] > [wi:] -

feele [fe: 1] > [fi: 1] -

sheep Lfe: p] > [|i: p] -

3. [:], [],

XIII , -

[:], , XIV -

XV XV [:],

, . were;

spare where ..

[:] [:] XVI . XVI

XVII [:]

, , -, XVIII

[ei]. , :

XIV

take [ta:

shake [fa

age [a: d

k] >

:k] >

3] >

XIV -

[tae: k] >

- Lfae: k] >

[se:d3] >

XV

> [te:k] >

> Lfe: k] >

> [e:d3] >

XVI-

I

[te: k]:

Lfe: k]:

[e:d3]:

XVIII

> [teik] -

> Lfeik] -

> [eid3] -

[ei] -

:

.-. [] > .-. [] (XII .) > [:] (XIII .) > .. [:] (XIV .) > [:]

(XVI .) > [:] (XVII .) > [ei] (XVIII .).

4. [i:] XIV -

[ij],

XV [ei]. -

, [ei] -

[aei] XVI [ai]. , :

XIV

five [fi: v]

like ['li: ]

my [mi:]

write ['wri: to]

>

>

>

>

XV

[feiv]

[leik]

[mei]

[wreit]

>

>

>

>

XVI

[faeiv]

[iaeik]

[maei]

[wraeit]

>

>

>

>

XVII

[faiv]

[laik] -

,

[mai] -

[rait] -

[ai] -

:

.-. [i:] > cp.-a. [i:] (XIV .) > [ij] ( XIV .) > [ei] (XV .), > [aei]

(XVI .) > [ai] (XVII .)

5. [:]

[uw] [:] [:], .., , XIV . -

XV

[], XVI [] []. -

, :

XIV

XV

XVI

town [tu: n]

out [u: t]

fow [fu: 1]

> [toun]

> [out]

> [foul]

> [taun] -

> [aut] -

> [faul] -

[] :

.-. [:] > .-. [:] (XIV .) > [uw] > [] (XV .) > [] (XVI .)

, [:] -

[] [], -

:

.-. drupa > .-. droupen > .-. droop -

.-. stupian > .-. stoupen > .-. stoop -

.-. rum > .-. roum > .-. room -

6. [:], .-. [:]

[] , ,

[:], XVIII

[]. , :

XVI

rood [: d]

ston [sto: n]

ook [: ]

XVI-XVII

XVIII

road [ro: d] > [roud] -

stone [sto: n] > [stoun] -

oak [o: k] > [ouk] -

[] -

:

.-. [:] > .-. [:] (- .) > .-. [:] (XVI-XVII .) >

> [] (XVIII .).

7. [:], .-. [:]

XIII .-. [] , XVI

[:], XVII-XVIII

[i:]. , :

XIV

XVI

XVII-XVIII

se[se:] > sea [se:] > [si:]-

ete['e: to] > eat [e: t] > [i: t] -

mete ['me: to] > meat [me: t] > [mi: t] - ,

:

.-. [:] > .-. []: (XIII .) > .-. [:] (XVI .) > [i:] (XVII-

XVIII .).

, The

Great Vowel Shift:

1:

e:

e:

:

a:

u:

o:

o:

- au

- ou

ei

XV-XVIII .

1400 .

XV .

1500 .

XVI .

1600 .

XVII?

1700 .

XVIII .

1800 .

-

: -

: -

: -

:

ai

>

> i:

->i: > i:

-ei > ei

> u:

-> ou > ou

> -

> -

, , -

:

[i:], i: [ai].

:

1. [] > [] []. , ,

- - XV ,

XV . , :

XVI

werre

sterre

person

ferre

XV

> war[war] -

> star -

> parson -

> far -

, XVI XVII

[] [] [] ,

,

vartue vertue, sartein certain, sarvis servi-

ce . XVIII -

, -, ,

, ,

, service, certain, university,

[] [], [:] -

, [] [] [] - ,

, ,

, clerk [kla: k], sergeant

['so.: d^nt], Derby ['da: bi], Berkeley [: kli] ; -

heart - hearth - , -

.

2. [] > []. , -,

( - ) XV .,

XVI :

XIV XVI

cat [kat] > [kaet] -

land[land] > [laend] -

sat [sat] > [saet] -

3. [a] > []. [w],

w, wh

q. XVII , XV

[] []. -

, :

XV XVII

was [was] > [woz] -

want [want] > [wont] -

watch [watj] > [wotj] -

[] > [] , [] -

[g] []; [] []. -

, wag [waeg] - , was [waeks] - , quagmire ['kwaegmaio] -

.

4. [u] > []. [] [] XVII ,

[] []

XVI :

XVII

[] -

[] -

-

XV

run [[run]

come [kum]

young [jurj]

, ,

, [] [], -

: full - , bull - , pull, - , put - , push -

.

: [:] [:].

1. [:]

XVI [v], [d], []. [], -

[:], -

[], -

[], :

XV

blood [bio: d] >

flood [flo: d] >

mother ['mo: ] >

brother [: ] >

glove [glo: v] >

doon [do: n] >

XVI

[blu: d]

[flu: d]

['mu: ]

[]

[glu: v]

done [du: n]

XVI

> [blud]

> [flud]

> [']

> []

> [gluv]

> [dun]

XVII-XVIII

> [bkd] -

> [fkd] -

> ['] -

> [] -

> [gLvv] -

> [dAn] -

:

.-. [:] > .-. [:] (XV .) > .-. [:] (XVI .) > [] > [a](XVII .).

2. , [:] [:] XVI . -

, [:] [d], [t] [9],

[:] [],

, :

XV XVI

deed [de: d] > dead [dead] -

breed [bre: d] > bread [bred] -

heed [he: d] > head [hed] -

breeth [bre: 0] > breath [breG] -

[:] [d], [t] [9] ,

[:] > [:] > [i:]:

XIV XVI XVIII

reden ['re: don] > read [re: d] > [ri: d] -

beten [: ton] > beat [be: t] > [bi: t] -

heeth [he: 0] > heath he: 0] > [hi: 0] -

3. XVII XVIII

, [:], -

[] [] [d] [t],

:

XV,

XIV

book [bo: ]:

shook Lfo: ]:

foot [fo: t]:

stood [sto: d]:

XVI

> [bu

> Lfu:

> [fa:

> [stu

ee-

:k]:

k] -

t] -

: d]:

XVII-XVIII

> [buk] -

> [fuk] -

> [fut] -

> [stud] -

, , , brood [bru: d] - , food

[fu: d] - , mood [rau: d] - , [:] .

[:]

[:] [:].

1. [:] -

[], --

. :

) [] > [] > [:]>[:]. []

[f], [s], [9], [] .

[], ,

14. .. 209

[ae]. , XVI []

XVIII ,

[:], :

XV

pass [paes]

glass [glaes]

after ['aeftsr]

craft [kraeft]

path [paeG]

hard [haerd]

XVI-

II

> [: s]:

> [glae: s]:

> ['ae: ftsr]:

> [krae: ft]:

> [pae:0]:

> [hae: rd]:

7/

> [pa: s] -

> [gla: s] -

> ['a: fts] -

> [kra: ft] -

> [pa: 0] -

> [ha:d] -

, , [s], [f], [9] [:], -

: pass [: s], after ['ae: fter].

) [] > [] >[:]. []

[1] [] [f]. ,

XV [] [1] [], -

[] []. [1] [] -

, [:] , :

XIV

calm [kaulm]

balm [baulm]

half [haulf]

calf [kaulf]

> [kaum];

> [baum];

> [hauf]:

> [kauf]:

> [ka

> [ba

> [ha

> [ka

XVI

: m] -

: m] -

: f] -

: f] -

[]

, ,

, [1] calm, balm,

half , ,

[] , , ..

XIV XV

XVIII

XVI-

II

A- .) B- .)

half[haf] > [haef] > [hae: f]] > [ha: f] -

calf [kaf] > [kaef] > [kae: f] > [ka: f] -

, -

, .

) [] > [:]. [] [:]

, :

.-a. branch [brantfl

.-a. plant [plant]

.-a. command [' mand]

.-a. example [i' gzampl]

.-. [bra: ntfl -

.-. [pla: nt] -

.-. [': nd] -

.-. [i' gza: mpl] -

2. [:],

[],

, [:]

.

.

) [] > [:]. XVI-XVII .

XV

cause[kauz]

draw [drau]

law[lau]

XVI-XVII

> [ko: z] -

> [dro:] -

> [lo:] -

6) [a] > [] > [:]. [:] -

[] [1], -

[] [t], [1] . XV ,

, [] [1] [],

[] []. [1] [] -

, [] [:], , ,

[]. [t]

[1] , [] , ,

:

XIV

hall

all

talk(e)

walk(e)

salt

> XV

> [haul] >

> [aul]

> [taulk] >

> [waulk] >

> [sault]

[tauk] >

[wauk] >

XVI-XVIII

[ho: 1] -

[: 1] -

[to: ] -

[wo: ] -

[so: It] -

) [] > [ou] > [] > [:]. [:] -

[] [], [t].

[] [] [], [ou].

[ou] [] [],

[:] XVI . , :

XIII

thoghte

['0OXt9]

broghte

[texta]

boghte

[boxte]

XIV

> thoughte

['0OUXts]

> broughte

[1]

> boughte [1

XV

> thought

[0aut]

> brought

[braut]

] > bought

[baut]

XVI

> [0o:t] -

> [bro: t] -

> [bo:t] -

14*

XIV-XVI

fur[fur]:

turn [turn]:

journey:

['d3urnei]

worm [wurm]:

XVII

A- .)

> [fXr]

> [Urn]

> ['d3Arni]

> [wArml

) [] > [:]. [:] []

[f], [s], [9] []

[] [:], .. [] -

[:] XVI , :

XIV XVI

port [port] > [po:t]-nopT

ford [ford] > [f: d] -

3. [:] XVII-XVIII

[], [], .

, :

XVII B- .) -XVIII

[f9:] -

[t9: n] -

['d39: ] - ,

[w9: m] -

[] [:] , [] -

, , current ['kArant] - , hurry [] - .

(. 249), XVIII

[] -

[], [:].

, ,

[:]. , , -

, :

XVIII B- .)

[V9:tju:] -

['s9:vis] -

['s9: tn] -

[i] []

, [:], :

XIV-XVII XVII-XVIII

first [first] > [fs:st] -

fir [fir] > [fs:] -

bird [bird] > [bs:d]-

XIV

vertue [ver' tu]

service [ser'vis]

certain [ser'tam]

XV-

II

> [Vartju] ^

> ['sarvis] >

> ['sart9n] ^

XVIII

A- .)

[Vertju:]

['servis]

['sert9n]

[:],

:

^

ur

ir

:

1. []. ,

[wo], : morwe - , narwe - , sparwe -

. [] XIV-XV

[w] , -

[] [], ,

[w], XVI []. , :

XIV XV-XVI

morwe ['morws] > morrow ['morou] -

sparwe ['sparws] > sparrow ['spaerou] -

narwe ['narws] > narrow ['naerou] -

2. [w]. ,

, ,

[] [].

[]

[], :

- ,

( ) - ,

- ( ).

,

, [:] [:], [w].

one once.

one:

.-. an [a:n] (XII .) > .-. [o:n] > [o:n] (XIII-XIV .) > [u:n] (XV .)

> .-. [wu:n] (XV .) > [wun] (XVI .) > one [wAn] (XVII-XVIII .).

only [w] , -

['ounli].

, -

: [ai], [ei], [au],

[], [].

.

[ai] [ei] XIV ,

[], . ,

XV , [aei]

[:], [:] [:].

[aei] , [:] [:], ..

XV XVI [:],

XVIII [ei], :

XIII

dai [dai] -

wey [wei] >

XIV

day [daei] >

way [waei] >

XV

[dae:] >

[wae:] >

XV, XVI

[de:] > [de:] >

[we:] > [we:] >

XVIII

[dei] -

[wei] -

[]

[:] XVI (. . 207).

[] XV [:], [:]

[] XVIII , -

[], [:], :

XIV, XV XV, XVI XVIII

snow [snou] > [sno:] > [snou] -

low [lou] > [lo:] > [lou] -

know [knou] > [kno:] > [nou] -

, [] -

[], [] [:] (.

. 207).

[] -

[],

; XV

, , , -

[ju:].

, -

[:], -

, [ju:], , -,

XVI

[:]

[ju:], :

XIV ()

knew [knm] >

new [nm] >

fewe > few [fm] >

dew [dm] >

duke ['dy:ks] >

use [V:zs] >

XV

[knju] >

[nju:] >

[fju:] >

[dju:] >

[dju:k] >

[ju:z] >

[nju:]

[nju:]

[fji:]-

[dju:]

XVI

-

-

-

-

[dju:k] -

Uu:z]

-

, [1], [], [t|] [<1] -

[ju:] , :

XIII XV XVI

blue [blm:] >

fruit [fry:t] >

chew [tjm] >

June [d3y:n] >

> [blju:] >

> [frju:t] >

' [tjju:] >

> [d3ju:n] >

[blu:] -

[fru:t] -

[tfu:] -

[d3u:n] -

:

1. , , ,

[i] XV, XVI .

.

[:] > [i] : -age [], -ate [it].

XIV XV XVI-XX

-age [a:d3] > [ae:d3] > [id3]

-ate [a:t] > [ae:t] > [it]

village [ Vilid3] -

carriage ['] -

cottage [ /kotid3] -

private [ 'praivit] -

climate [Tdarmit] -

[] > [i] -less [lis], -ness [nis], -ledge

[Iid3].

harmless ['ha::mlis] -

childess ['tfaildlis] -

darkness [ 'da::knis] -

knowledge [ '] -

colledge [/kolid3] -

2. , , -

, [].

-on ([] > [n]), -our ([u:r] > [] > []).

opinion ['pinion] -

ribbon ['] -

colour [ku'lu:r] > [Tailor] > [IcaIq] -

licour [lilaiir] > [liksr] > [liks] -

3. [ai] [ei] XVI -

[i]. [1] [], -

[i] , [1] [] :

XIV XVI

bataille > battle [] -

conseil > counsel [ Tcaunsl] -

certain [ser'taein] > certain ['ss:t5n] -

captain [ leaptaem] > captain [Tcaeptn] -

-

[i] [] -

, -

. , , XV . :

XIV

chapiter >

crime sin >

hydropisie >

business >

interesting >

XV-XX

chapter -

crimson -

hydropsy > dropsy -

business [T)izms] -

interesting ['intrestirj]-

3.

-

, :

1. [f], [s] [0] .

2. [].

3. .

4. .

[f], [s] [0]

XVII

[f], [s], [0], [tj] -

[ks] .

) [f] [v], , of,

,

[sv], -

- of. ,

- off - ,

[f] [v] .

^ ff.

,

-if, :

captif > captive ['kaeptiv] - ,

motif > motive ['moutiv] - ;

) [s] [z], :

was [was] > [waz] > [woz] - ,

foxes [Toksis] > ['foksiz] - ,

catches [Icaetjis] > [Tcaetfiz] - .

, -

,

-

3- -

.

) [0] [].

, , ,

, :

the [0] > [] - ,

this [0is] > [6is] - ,

with [wi0] > [wi6] - .

, , , -

.

, this,



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